尔雅英语语音_11章节答案(学习通2023完整答案)

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Unit 1 Introduction

Achievement Test 1

1、尔雅The英语语音 soft palate is also called __________
A、velum
B、章节整答uvula
C、答案epiglottis
D、学习trachea

2、通完The尔雅 back of the tongue helps to produce __________ sounds.
A、velar
B、英语语音dental
C、章节整答alveolar
D、答案palatal

3、学习/p/,通完 /b/, /m/ and /w/ are produced with the help of __________.
A、the upper teeth and inner lower lip
B、尔雅the upper and lower lip
C、英语语音the tongue tip on or close to the alveolar ridge
D、章节整答the tip of the tongue raised close to the hard palate

4、The sounds produced with the help of the upper teeth are called __________ sounds.
A、bilabial
B、labio-dental
C、dental
D、post-alveolar

5、The study of speech organs is important to know the nature of __________.
A、speech production
B、speech contest
C、telegraphic speech
D、public speech

6、The organs that take part in production of speech sounds are called __________
A、speech production
B、pharyngeal cavity
C、nasal cavity
D、speech organs

7、The positional variants of the same phoneme are known as __________.
A、sounds
B、vowels
C、consonants
D、allophones

8、In English, [l] and [?] are allophones of the phoneme /l/ because they occur in ___________________, i.e., they never appear in the same sound contexts. [l] always occurs before vowels (as in the word leaf, look), while [?] comes after vowels and before consonants (as in the word feel, cold).
A、free variation
B、a minimal set
C、complementary distribution
D、regional differences

9、Using the diacritics provided by the IPA, _____________ transcription captures as many aspects of a specific pronunciation as possible and makes very subtle distinctions between sounds.
A、broad
B、narrow
C、phonetic
D、conventional

10、/p/ and /b/ can appear in initial position (as in pin and bin) and also in final position (as in rope and robe)．They are in phonemic contrast and said to form a _______________ because they occur in the same environment and distinguish meaning.
A、complementary distribution
B、allophonic distribution
C、minimal pair
D、segmental phoneme

Unit 2 Vowel

Achievement Test 2

1、Like all languages in the world, English phonemes are also divided into vowels and consonants. The distinction between the two lies in the obstruction of __________.
A、mouth
B、airstream
C、nose
D、vocal cords

2、The __________ Pronunciation, or RP for short, is the instantly recognisable accent often described as ‘typically British’. It is defined in the Concise Oxford English Dictionary as “the standard accent of English as spoken in the south of England”.
A、Renowned
B、Respected
C、Respectable
D、Received

3、The vowel __________ can be described as low, front, and unrounded, but the feature “unrounded” is usually omitted because all front vowels in English are unrounded.
A、/?/
B、/e/
C、/i:/
D、/?/

4、Syllabically, although a diphthong is a combination of two vowel sounds, and the tongue glides in the production of it, it is perceived as one phoneme, not two. Thus, diphthongs are treated as having one __________ only.
A、stress
B、syllable
C、vowel
D、allophone

5、Words such as fire /fa??/, flour /fla??/, or loyal /l???l/ are considered by the native English speakers to have only one syllable, whereas higher /ha??/ and player /ple??/ are more likely to be heard with disyllabic realizations because the third vowel is a __________.
A、triphthong
B、suffix
C、monophthong
D、diphthong

6、In the production of a consonant sound, the air stream from the lungs meets no obstruction of any kind in the throat, the nose, or the mouth, while in the pronunciation of a vowel, the air stream from the lungs is obstructed in one way or another.

7、Daniel Jones worked out a set of Cardinal Vowels that students learning phonetics could be taught to produce, the aim of which is to give an approximate picture of the degree and direction of the tongue movement involved.

8、/i:/ and /?/ are both high front vowels, but /i:/ is a bit lower and more forward than /?/. In addition, /i:/ is tense in that the root of the tongue is more advanced than with /?/, which is lax.

9、English diphthongs are divided into both falling diphthongs (the first vowel sound is pronounced longer, louder and stronger than the second one), and rising diphthongs (the second sound is produced longer and stronger than the first

10、If two adjacent vowel sounds occur in different syllables — for example, in the English word re-elect (/?ri:??lekt/) — the result is described as hiatus not as a diphthong.

Unit 3 Consonants

Achievement tests 3

1、Consonants are formed by interrupting, narrowing or diverting the airflow in a variety of ways. There are three ways of classifying the English consonant sounds: __________ of articulation, manner of articulation and voicing.
A、place
B、obstruction
C、aspiration
D、vibration

2、When the letter n come before g or k, it is pronounced as /?/ as in strong, bang, thank, drink. However, when g is followed by e or i, the letter n is read as /n/ as in strange, stranger, arrange, longitude because the letter g is pronounced as __________.
A、/?/
B、/?/
C、/?/
D、/?/

3、RP has two allophonic variants of /r/. One is retroflex [r], and the other is tapor flap [?]. In the pronunciation of retroflex [r], the tongue curls backward and retroflexes at the __________.
A、front
B、central
C、tip
D、root

4、The /r/ may be replaced by an alveolar tap [?] in intervocalic positions (e.g. very, sorry, tomorrow) and in word-final /r/ __________ with an initial vowel (e.g. far away).
A、connecting
B、joining
C、inserting
D、linking

5、Generally speaking, plosive sounds undergo three stages: the closing stage, the compression stage and the __________ stage.
A、release
B、unreleased
C、aspirated
D、unaspirated

6、The manner of articulation refers to the way in which the airstream is obstructed. For example, with plosive sounds, the articulation acts in such a way that the air is temporarily trapped, and then suddenly released.

7、Generally speaking, the place and the manner of articulation are the two common features of any languages except the voicing, which is language specific. For example, voicing is a distinctive feature of Mandarin Chinese, whereas aspiration is the distinctive feature of English.

8、Plosives occur when the airstream is blocked or stopped completely before its release. They are also known as stops because they involve the complete blockage of the airstream.

9、The sound /?/ remains unchanged at the word boundaries where it is followed by a word beginning with a vowel sound as in bring it (/br???t/) and sing us a song (/s???s ? s??/). However, in the case of adjectives, the adding of the suffixes –eror -est to the comparative and superlative degree of the words longer and longest has changed the pronunciation of /?/ into /?ɡ/.

10、Within the class of approximants, lateral /l/ and retroflex /r/ are further distinguished from semi-vowels /j/ and /w/. This is because /j/ and /w/ are made without a restriction to the airflow. They are phonetically like consonants but phonologically like vowels.

Unit 4 Sounds and Spelling

Achievement tests 4

1、The general distribution of RP consonants is that all consonants can occur at the initial position as singletons except /n/, and that all consonants can appear at the final position as singletons except /h, w, j, r/.

2、The dark [?] has two types of distributions. One is in word-final position, after vowel, as in call and real, and also after vowel, before consonant, such as cold and help. The other is syllabic [??]: e.g. little and table.

3、Both ‘clear’ [l] and ‘dark’ [?] are formed with the tip of the tongue touching the teeth ridge. The only difference is that in the articulation of the ‘clear’ [l], the back part of the tongue is raised towards the hard palate. In the articulation of the ‘dark’ [?], the front part of the tongue is raised towards the soft palate and slightly velarised, with a concave upper surface.

4、Within the class of approximants, lateral /l/ and retroflex /r/ are further distinguished from semi-vowels /j/ and /w/. This is because /j/ and /w/ are made without a restriction to the airflow. They are phonetically like consonants but phonologically like vowels.

5、Affricates occur when a complete closure is made somewhere in the mouth, and the soft palate is raised. Air pressure increases behind the closure, and is then released more slowly than in plosives.

6、The sound /?/ remains unchanged at the word boundaries where it is followed by a word beginning with a vowel sound as in bring it (/br???t/) and sing us a song (/s???s ? s??/). However, in the case of adjectives, the adding of the suffixes –eror -est to the comparative and superlative degree of the words longer and longest has changed the pronunciation of /?/ into /?ɡ/.

7、Inaudible (incomplete) release of plosives refers to the process of articulation of a plosive is not complete. It has only two stages, namely, the closure and the compression, without the release.

8、Generally speaking, the place and the manner of articulation are the two common features of any languages except the voicing, which is language specific. For example, voicing is a distinctive feature of Mandarin Chinese, whereas aspiration is the distinctive feature of English.

9、English diphthongs are divided into both falling diphthongs (the first vowel sound is pronounced longer, louder and stronger than the second one), and rising diphthongs (the second sound is produced longer and stronger than the first

10、If two adjacent vowel sounds occur in different syllables — for example, in the English word re-elect (/?ri:??lekt/) — the result is described as hiatus not as a diphthong.

Unit 5 Syllables and Consonant Clusters

Achievement test 5

1、The minimum unit of speech is a syllable. Syllables have a minimum of one (as in the word air /e?/), and a maximum of __________ structural parts (as in the word text /tekst/).
A、two
B、three
C、four
D、five

2、__________ consonants are consonants which form the nucleus of a syllable that does not contain a vowel.
A、Nasal
B、Lateral
C、Approximant
D、Syllabic

3、In fact, the formation of syllabic consonants has much to do with the __________ principle, a term in auditory phonetics for the overall loudness of a sound relative to others of the same pitch, stress and duration.
A、sonority
B、maximum
C、minimum
D、articulatory

4、The V and CV syllables are referred to as a/an __________ syllable because they end with a vowel.
A、closed
B、combination
C、open
D、r-syllable

5、Statements of what sequences may or may not occur are called __________. The full description of such constraints is called phonotactics.
A、regularities
B、constraints
C、rules
D、restrictions

6、Syllables are units of language, smaller than a word but larger than a phoneme, and every language is said to have syllables.

7、Phonological treatments of syllable structure usually call the first part of a syllable the onset, the middle part the nucleus and the end part the coda. The combination of nucleus and coda is called the rhyme.

8、A syllabic consonant is to be interpreted phonologically as /?/ plus a consonant, but phonetically as the under-stroke [?? ] combining vertical line below a consonant. Thus, the word button is phonologically ['b?tn?] but phonetically /'b?t?n/.

9、Not all English vowel phonemes can occur in the CV syllable pattern, but all can appear in the CVC pattern.

10、English has a complex system of consonant clusters, in which two or more consonants occur in sequence in onset or coda position.

Unit 6 Word Stress and Vowel Reduction

Achievement tests 6

1、__________ stress is the relative degree of force given to a certain syllable in a word of more than one syllable when it is pronounced in isolation, as if quoted from a dictionary.
A、Nuclear
B、Word
C、Tonic
D、Sentence

2、Stressed syllables bear four physiological properties: loudness, vowel duration, pitch and vowel __________.
A、intensity
B、reduction
C、quantity
D、quality

3、Absence of stress on a syllable, or on a word in some cases, is frequently associated in English with vowel __________, the changes that result from unstressed syllables.
A、reduction
B、quality
C、loudness
D、pitch

4、__________, on the whole, do not have much effect on the placement of the base or root element.
A、Affixes
B、Prefixes
C、Derivation
D、Suffixes

5、There are two types of -ing + noun combinations. For one type, the -ing form serves as a modifier of the noun and expresses the purpose of the noun; for instance, dining-room means the room for dining. In such circumstances, the word stress always falls on the ___________ element.
A、first
B、second
C、either
D、neither

6、Some words in English are shown in dictionaries as having three levels of stress: primary, secondary, unstressed or weak.

7、In every lexical word, and in some grammatical words, one syllable is identified as having primary stress, though in monosyllables the stress is not generally marked.

8、Word stress is the framework upon which sentence stress and intonation contour is built.

9、The pitch movement is associated with secondary stress, but not with primary stress.

10、The major stress on two-syllable words is more likely to fall on the second syllable if the word is a noun or an adjective, and on the first syllable if the word is a verb.

Unit 7 Sentence Stress & Weak Forms

Achievement tests

1、Stressed syllables bear four physiological properties: loudness, vowel duration, pitch and vowel __________.
A、quantity
B、intensity
C、reduction
D、quality

2、In fact, the formation of syllabic consonants has much to do with the __________ principle, a term in auditory phonetics for the overall loudness of a sound relative to others of the same pitch, stress and duration.
A、sonority
B、maximum
C、minimum
D、articulatory

3、In English, [l] and [?] are allophones of the phoneme /l/ because they occur in ___________________, i.e., they never appear in the same sound contexts. [l] always occurs before vowels (as in the word leaf, look), while [?] comes after vowels and before consonants (as in the word feel, cold).
A、free variation
B、a minimal set
C、complementary distribution
D、regional differences

4、The __________ Pronunciation, or RP for short, is the instantly recognisable accent often described as ‘typically British’. It is defined in the Concise Oxford English Dictionary as “the standard accent of English as spoken in the south of England”.
A、Renowned
B、Respected
C、Respectable
D、Received

5、Stress is being used in a more general way. It refers to the syllable that receives lexical stress. __________, on the other hand, is being used in a more specific way. It is a place where a tonal marker will fall on the lexically stressed syllable.
A、Loudness
B、Intensity
C、Accent
D、Emphasis

6、In more than three-syllable words, if the primary stress falls on the third syllable or later, the secondary stress are usually marked on one of the preceding syllables, for example, introduction / /?ntr?d?k?n/ and education /e?uke??n/.

7、Word stress in English is not as predictable as it is in other languages, and therefore, the stress placement in English words is not rule-governe

8、Phonological treatments of syllable structure usually call the first part of a syllable the onset, the middle part the nucleus and the end part the cod The combination of nucleus and coda is called the rhyme.

9、Not all English vowel phonemes can occur in the CV syllable pattern, but all can appear in the CVC pattern.

10、In coda position, the maximum number of clusters is four. Many clusters of two or three and virtually all cluster of four are the result of adding a plural /s, z/ or a past tense /t, d/ inflection to a stem ending in two or three consonants

Unit 8 Connected Speech

Achievement tests 8

1、The notion of rhythm comes from the unstressed syllables. Word and sentence stress combine to create the rhythm of an English utterance.

2、Just as in music, spoken English moves in regular, rhythmic beats from stress to stress – irrespective of how many unstressed syllables fall in between.

3、A rhythm group contains more than one stressed syllable, together with unstressed syllables clustering about it or none.

4、Any unstressed syllables that may come before the first rhythm group do not belong to any stress-group. They are the strong beat and are read as quickly as possible.

5、Chinese learners of English are likely to assign equal weight to each syllable, regardless of whether the syllable is stressed or unstressed.

6、The epenthesis (or insertion) of glides [j, w] occurs because they are the least marked epenthetic consonants in hiatus position.

7、A non-rhotic speaker will pronounce words like far as /fɑ?r/, whereas a rhotic speaker does not pronounce [r] at all unless followed by a vowel.

8、For rhotic speakers [r] is pronounced just because far has an [r] in it, but for non-rhotic speakers [r] appears in far away because the first word ends with a vowel and the second word begins with a vowel, namely, the [r] links the two words together.

9、Vowels which trigger [r]-insertion never trigger [j]-insertion or [w]-insertion. Each glide has its own domain, although the domains exempt short stressed vowels /e, ?, ?, ?, ?/, which never occur word-finally in English.

10、Generally speaking, the assimilation involves both vowels and consonants, particularly across word boundaries, but within words too.

Unit 9 Intonation

Achievement tests 9

1、English intonation has three systemic features: tonality, tonicity and tone.

2、A public speaker tends to pause less frequently to make their message clearer or more emphatic. By contrast, if the speaker is communicating urgency, he may contain more breaks.

3、No matter in spontaneous conversation or in material read aloud, the speaker must pause at a proper place where it makes sense because the intonation phrase boundary may act to differentiate between two possible meanings.

4、The nucleus, also known as nuclear syllable or tonic syllable, the syllable that bears the nuclear tone (a fall, rise, fall-rise or rise-fall).

5、Accent has potentiality for stress. It involves how a prominence is supposed to be made, while stress refers to why a prominence is placed in a certain position of an intonation phrase.

6、Pragmatic reasons for deaccenting the ‘last content word’ involve old or repeated information, namely, words express known or given information.

7、Some words have little meaning of their own. Their meaning can be inferred from certain context. Such words are usually not accented even though they are the last content words.

8、When every part of an intonation phrase is brought into focus, we have narrow focus. If we focus only on one particular part, we have broad focus.

9、A fall may indicate definiteness, a rise may suggest some implications, and a fall-rise may imply incompleteness.

10、In sentence non-final position the difference in tone meaning between low rise, high rise, fall-rise or mid level tone varieties is not great. Sometimes speakers just seem to ring the changes between them to avoid repetition.

Unit 10 Pitch Contour

Achievement tests 10

1、If there are syllable following the nucleus (i.e. the tail), the rising pitch movement does not happen wholly on the nuclear syllable, as in the case of a fall. Rather, the syllable or syllables of the tail will continue to move upwards from the pitch of the nuclear syllable.

2、The pitch movement for a fall, either high or low, is all in one direction, namely downwards. Often there are syllables after the nucleus, a tail. After a falling nucleus, the tail is always high.

3、In a complex low level head, there is no upward movement in the head. The onset and all the remaining syllables of the head are uttered on a low pitch.

4、A simple head is one that contains only one stressed syllable, while a complex heads contains two or more stressed syllables.

5、The head does not necessarily consist of a complete word. They are usually spoken with a fairly low level pitch.

6、By definition, the prehead contains no stressed syllables, but occasionally, prehead may include a syllable that is lexically stressed but that the speaker chooses not to stress.

7、The prehead does not necessarily consist of a complete word. They are usually spoken with a fairly high level pitch.

8、The relative height of the pitch range will depend on the frequency of vibration of the vocal cords: the higher the frequency of vibration, the lower the pitch.

9、Although every IP contains a nucleus, not all IPs contain a prehead, head or a tail.

10、A complete IP, according to John Wells (2006), consists of four constituent elements, namely, the prehead, the head, the nucleus and the tail.

期末考试

期末考试

1、The soft palate is also called __________.
A、uvula
B、epiglottis
C、trachea
D、velum

2、/p/, /b/, /m/ and /w/ are produced with the help of __________.
A、the upper teeth and inner lower lip
B、the upper and lower lip
C、the tongue tip on or close to the alveolar ridge
D、the tip of the tongue raised close to the hard palate

3、The study of speech organs is important to know the nature of __________.
A、speech production
B、speech contest
C、telegraphic speech
D、public speech

4、The positional variants of the same phoneme are known as __________.
A、sounds
B、vowels
C、consonants
D、allophones

5、Using the diacritics provided by the IPA, _____________ transcription captures as many aspects of a specific pronunciation as possible and makes very subtle distinctions between sounds.
A、broad
B、narrow
C、phonetic
D、conventional

6、Like all languages in the world, English phonemes are also divided into vowels and consonants. The distinction between the two lies in the obstruction of __________.
A、mouth
B、airstream
C、nose
D、vocal cords

7、The __________ Pronunciation, or RP for short, is the instantly recognisable accent often described as ‘typically British’. It is defined in the Concise Oxford English Dictionary as “the standard accent of English as spoken in the south of England”.
A、Renowned
B、Respected
C、Respectable
D、Received

8、The vowel __________ can be described as low, front, and unrounded, but the feature “unrounded” is usually omitted because all front vowels in English are unrounded.
A、/?/
B、/e/
C、/i:/
D、/?/

9、Syllabically, although a diphthong is a combination of two vowel sounds, and the tongue glides in the production of it, it is perceived as one phoneme, not two. Thus, diphthongs are treated as having one __________ only.
A、stress
B、syllable
C、vowel
D、allophone

10、The duration of a diphthong is similar to that of a __________ vowel.
A、short
B、lax
C、long
D、high

11、Consonants are formed by interrupting, narrowing or diverting the airflow in a variety of ways. There are three ways of classifying the English consonant sounds: __________ of articulation, manner of articulation and voicing.
A、place
B、obstruction
C、aspiration
D、vibration

12、When we discuss the English consonant, we begin with voicing first, then the place of articulation and lastly, the manner of articulation. The sound __________, for instance, is said briefly as voiceless palate-alveolar affricate.
A、/?/
B、/?/
C、/?/
D、/?/

13、__________ release refers to the air used to produce the stop is released through the nose rather than the mouth, namely, the velum is lowered before the stop closure is removed and the air pressure will be released through the nose instead of the mouth.
A、Lateral
B、Inaudible
C、Incomplete
D、Nasal

14、Fricative sounds can be maintained as long as there is air in the lungs; for this reason they are known as __________.
A、obstruents
B、continuants
C、sibilants
D、sonorant

15、RP has two allophonic variants of /r/. One is retroflex [r], and the other is tap or flap [?]. In the pronunciation of retroflex [r], the tongue curls backward and retroflexes at the __________.
A、front
B、central
C、tip
D、root

16、The minimum unit of speech is a syllable. Syllables have a minimum of one (as in the word air /e?/), and a maximum of __________ structural parts (as in the word text /tekst/).
A、two
B、three
C、four
D、five

17、__________ consonants are consonants which form the nucleus of a syllable that does not contain a vowel.
A、Nasal
B、Lateral
C、Approximant
D、Syllabic

18、The V and CV syllables are referred to as a/an __________ syllable because they end with a vowel.
A、closed
B、combination
C、open
D、r-syllable

19、With __________ clusters of three consonants, the first sound is always /s/, the second sound is a voiceless plosive /p, t, k/, and the third sound is one of the four approximants /l, r, w, j/.
A、coda
B、nucleus
C、onset
D、rhyme

20、There are cases where a consonant or a cluster could be either the coda to the first syllable of a word, or the onset to the second, we can say that it fulfils both functions, for instance, the /b/ in rabbit, the /st / in posting, the /n/ and /m/ in cinema. This is known as ___________.
A、syllabicity
B、bi-syllabicity
C、syllabification
D、ambisyllabicity

21、In the production of a consonant sound, the air stream from the lungs meets no obstruction of any kind in the throat, the nose, or the mouth, while in the pronunciation of a vowel, the air stream from the lungs is obstructed in one way or another.

22、Daniel Jones worked out a set of Cardinal Vowels that students learning phonetics could be taught to produce, the aim of which is to give an approximate picture of the degree and direction of the tongue movement involved.

23、Tongue position indicates whether the front (as for /i:, ?, e, ?/), the central (as for /?:, ?, ?/) or the back (as for /ɑ:, ?, ?:, ?, u:/) of the tongue is involved according to the horizontal movement of the tongue.

24、Vowel /?/ is distributed in syllable-initial, medial and final position (e.g. act /?kt/, hat /h?t/ and rapid /r?p?d/, but not in word-final position.

25、English diphthongs are divided into both falling diphthongs (the first vowel sound is pronounced longer, louder and stronger than the second one), and rising diphthongs (the second sound is produced longer and stronger than the first).

26、The manner of articulation refers to the way in which the airstream is obstructed. For example, with plosive sounds, the articulation acts in such a way that the air is temporarily trapped, and then suddenly released.

27、Plosives occur when the airstream is blocked or stopped completely before its release. They are also known as stops because they involve the complete blockage of the airstream.

28、The sound /?/ remains unchanged at the word boundaries where it is followed by a word beginning with a vowel sound as in bring it (/br???t/) and sing us a song (/s?? ?s ? s??/). However, in the case of adjectives, the adding of the suffixes –er or -est to the comparative and superlative degree of the words longer and longest has changed the pronunciation of /?/ into /?ɡ/.

29、Within the class of approximants, lateral /l/ and retroflex /r/ are further distinguished from semi-vowels /j/ and /w/. This is because /j/ and /w/ are made without a restriction to the airflow. They are phonetically like consonants but phonologically like vowels.

30、The dark [?] has two types of distributions. One is in word-final position, after vowel, as in call and real, and also after vowel, before consonant, such as cold and help. The other is syllabic [??]: e.g. little and table.

31、Syllables are units of language, smaller than a word but larger than a phoneme, and every language is said to have syllables.

32、The English words consist of at least one syllable, and many words have two, three, four, or more syllables, and so do the Chinese words.

33、Phonological treatments of syllable structure usually call the first part of a syllable the onset, the middle part the nucleus and the end part the coda. The combination of nucleus and coda is called the rhyme.

34、A syllable may have one onset consonant, as /s/ in sit, tow onset consonants as /sp/ in spit, three onset consonants, as /spr/ in spring, or no onset consonants as in it /?t/.

35、In English, syllabic consonants occur when /l, n/ or /m, ?/ (standing as the peak of the syllable instead of the vowel) follows a homorganic (i.e., the same place of articulation) plosive (or occasionally a fricative).

36、A syllabic consonant is to be interpreted phonologically as /?/ plus a consonant, but phonetically as the under-stroke [?? ] combining vertical line below a consonant. Thus, the word button is phonologically ['b?tn?] but phonetically /'b?t?n/.

37、Not all English vowel phonemes can occur in the CV syllable pattern, but all can appear in the CVC pattern.

38、Chinese has predominantly open syllables with only nasals /n/ and /?/ permitted in syllable-final position. Therefore English is a CV language, while Chinese is a CVC language.

39、English has a complex system of consonant clusters, in which two or more consonants occur in sequence in onset or coda position.

40、In coda position, the maximum number of clusters is four. Many clusters of two or three and virtually all cluster of four are the result of adding a plural /s, z/ or a past tense /t, d/ inflection to a stem ending in two or three consonants

期末考试

期末考试

1、The soft palate is also called __________.
A、uvula
B、epiglottis
C、trachea
D、velum

2、/p/, /b/, /m/ and /w/ are produced with the help of __________.
A、the upper teeth and inner lower lip
B、the upper and lower lip
C、the tongue tip on or close to the alveolar ridge
D、the tip of the tongue raised close to the hard palate

3、The study of speech organs is important to know the nature of __________.
A、speech production
B、speech contest
C、telegraphic speech
D、public speech

4、The positional variants of the same phoneme are known as __________.
A、sounds
B、vowels
C、consonants
D、allophones

5、Using the diacritics provided by the IPA, _____________ transcription captures as many aspects of a specific pronunciation as possible and makes very subtle distinctions between sounds.
A、broad
B、narrow
C、phonetic
D、conventional

6、Like all languages in the world, English phonemes are also divided into vowels and consonants. The distinction between the two lies in the obstruction of __________.
A、mouth
B、airstream
C、nose
D、vocal cords

7、The __________ Pronunciation, or RP for short, is the instantly recognisable accent often described as ‘typically British’. It is defined in the Concise Oxford English Dictionary as “the standard accent of English as spoken in the south of England”.
A、Renowned
B、Respected
C、Respectable
D、Received

8、The vowel __________ can be described as low, front, and unrounded, but the feature “unrounded” is usually omitted because all front vowels in English are unrounded.
A、/?/
B、/e/
C、/i:/
D、/?/

9、Syllabically, although a diphthong is a combination of two vowel sounds, and the tongue glides in the production of it, it is perceived as one phoneme, not two. Thus, diphthongs are treated as having one __________ only.
A、stress
B、syllable
C、vowel
D、allophone

10、The duration of a diphthong is similar to that of a __________ vowel.
A、short
B、lax
C、long
D、high

11、Consonants are formed by interrupting, narrowing or diverting the airflow in a variety of ways. There are three ways of classifying the English consonant sounds: __________ of articulation, manner of articulation and voicing.
A、place
B、obstruction
C、aspiration
D、vibration

12、When we discuss the English consonant, we begin with voicing first, then the place of articulation and lastly, the manner of articulation. The sound __________, for instance, is said briefly as voiceless palate-alveolar affricate.
A、/?/
B、/?/
C、/?/
D、/?/

13、__________ release refers to the air used to produce the stop is released through the nose rather than the mouth, namely, the velum is lowered before the stop closure is removed and the air pressure will be released through the nose instead of the mouth.
A、Lateral
B、Inaudible
C、Incomplete
D、Nasal

14、Fricative sounds can be maintained as long as there is air in the lungs; for this reason they are known as __________.
A、obstruents
B、continuants
C、sibilants
D、sonorant

15、RP has two allophonic variants of /r/. One is retroflex [r], and the other is tap or flap [?]. In the pronunciation of retroflex [r], the tongue curls backward and retroflexes at the __________.
A、front
B、central
C、tip
D、root

16、The minimum unit of speech is a syllable. Syllables have a minimum of one (as in the word air /e?/), and a maximum of __________ structural parts (as in the word text /tekst/).
A、two
B、three
C、four
D、five

17、__________ consonants are consonants which form the nucleus of a syllable that does not contain a vowel.
A、Nasal
B、Lateral
C、Approximant
D、Syllabic

18、The V and CV syllables are referred to as a/an __________ syllable because they end with a vowel.
A、closed
B、combination
C、open
D、r-syllable

19、With __________ clusters of three consonants, the first sound is always /s/, the second sound is a voiceless plosive /p, t, k/, and the third sound is one of the four approximants /l, r, w, j/.
A、coda
B、nucleus
C、onset
D、rhyme

20、There are cases where a consonant or a cluster could be either the coda to the first syllable of a word, or the onset to the second, we can say that it fulfils both functions, for instance, the /b/ in rabbit, the /st / in posting, the /n/ and /m/ in cinema. This is known as ___________.
A、syllabicity
B、bi-syllabicity
C、syllabification
D、ambisyllabicity

21、In the production of a consonant sound, the air stream from the lungs meets no obstruction of any kind in the throat, the nose, or the mouth, while in the pronunciation of a vowel, the air stream from the lungs is obstructed in one way or another.

22、Daniel Jones worked out a set of Cardinal Vowels that students learning phonetics could be taught to produce, the aim of which is to give an approximate picture of the degree and direction of the tongue movement involved.

23、Tongue position indicates whether the front (as for /i:, ?, e, ?/), the central (as for /?:, ?, ?/) or the back (as for /ɑ:, ?, ?:, ?, u:/) of the tongue is involved according to the horizontal movement of the tongue.

24、Vowel /?/ is distributed in syllable-initial, medial and final position (e.g. act /?kt/, hat /h?t/ and rapid /r?p?d/, but not in word-final position.

25、English diphthongs are divided into both falling diphthongs (the first vowel sound is pronounced longer, louder and stronger than the second one), and rising diphthongs (the second sound is produced longer and stronger than the first).

26、The manner of articulation refers to the way in which the airstream is obstructed. For example, with plosive sounds, the articulation acts in such a way that the air is temporarily trapped, and then suddenly released.

27、Plosives occur when the airstream is blocked or stopped completely before its release. They are also known as stops because they involve the complete blockage of the airstream.

28、The sound /?/ remains unchanged at the word boundaries where it is followed by a word beginning with a vowel sound as in bring it (/br???t/) and sing us a song (/s?? ?s ? s??/). However, in the case of adjectives, the adding of the suffixes –er or -est to the comparative and superlative degree of the words longer and longest has changed the pronunciation of /?/ into /?ɡ/.

29、Within the class of approximants, lateral /l/ and retroflex /r/ are further distinguished from semi-vowels /j/ and /w/. This is because /j/ and /w/ are made without a restriction to the airflow. They are phonetically like consonants but phonologically like vowels.

30、The dark [?] has two types of distributions. One is in word-final position, after vowel, as in call and real, and also after vowel, before consonant, such as cold and help. The other is syllabic [??]: e.g. little and table.

31、Syllables are units of language, smaller than a word but larger than a phoneme, and every language is said to have syllables.

32、The English words consist of at least one syllable, and many words have two, three, four, or more syllables, and so do the Chinese words.

33、Phonological treatments of syllable structure usually call the first part of a syllable the onset, the middle part the nucleus and the end part the coda. The combination of nucleus and coda is called the rhyme.

34、A syllable may have one onset consonant, as /s/ in sit, tow onset consonants as /sp/ in spit, three onset consonants, as /spr/ in spring, or no onset consonants as in it /?t/.

35、In English, syllabic consonants occur when /l, n/ or /m, ?/ (standing as the peak of the syllable instead of the vowel) follows a homorganic (i.e., the same place of articulation) plosive (or occasionally a fricative).

36、A syllabic consonant is to be interpreted phonologically as /?/ plus a consonant, but phonetically as the under-stroke [?? ] combining vertical line below a consonant. Thus, the word button is phonologically ['b?tn?] but phonetically /'b?t?n/.

37、Not all English vowel phonemes can occur in the CV syllable pattern, but all can appear in the CVC pattern.

38、Chinese has predominantly open syllables with only nasals /n/ and /?/ permitted in syllable-final position. Therefore English is a CV language, while Chinese is a CVC language.

39、English has a complex system of consonant clusters, in which two or more consonants occur in sequence in onset or coda position.

40、In coda position, the maximum number of clusters is four. Many clusters of two or three and virtually all cluster of four are the result of adding a plural /s, z/ or a past tense /t, d/ inflection to a stem ending in two or three consonants

学习通英语语音_11

学习通英语语音_11是英语学习中非常重要的一部分。在英语学习中，语音是非常重要的，因为它能够影响你的口语水平和听力能力。因此，在学习英语的过程中，我们需要重点学习和掌握英语语音。

学习英语语音的方法

学习英语语音的方法主要有两种：听力训练和口语练习。

听力训练

听力训练是学习英语语音的基础。只有通过大量的听力训练，才能够熟悉英语的发音规律，掌握英语的语音特点。因此，在学习英语的过程中，我们要多听英语，尽可能地听英语原版的电影、电视剧、广播、新闻等。同时，我们也可以通过听歌曲和跟读练习来提高听力和语音水平。

口语练习

口语练习是巩固英语语音的重要方法。通过口语练习，我们可以将所学语音知识转化为实际的语言表达能力。因此，在学习英语的过程中，我们要注重口语练习，多说多练，不断提高自己的口语水平。

学习英语语音的重点

学习英语语音的重点包括以下方面：

元音和辅音的发音

元音和辅音是英语语音的基础，因此我们要重点学习和掌握它们的发音。元音主要有长元音和短元音之分，辅音则有浊音和清音之分。

重音和节奏

重音和节奏是英语语音的另一个重点。在英语中，重音和节奏对于语音的表达非常重要。因此，我们要学习和掌握英语的重音和节奏规律，使我们的语音更加自然流畅。

连读和弱读

连读和弱读是英语语音的特点之一。在英语中，一些单词会因为连读或者弱读而发生变化，因此我们要学习和掌握这些变化规律，以便更好的理解和表达英语。

学习英语语音的建议

学习英语语音需要耐心和坚持，下面是一些学习英语语音的建议：

多听多说

多听多说是学习英语语音的基础。只有通过大量的听力训练和口语练习，才能够熟悉英语的发音规律，提高自己的语音水平。

注重基本功

学习英语语音需要注重基本功，如元音和辅音的发音、重音和节奏、连读和弱读等。只有打好基础，才能够更好地掌握英语语音。

寻找适合自己的学习方法

每个人的学习方法都不一样，因此我们要寻找适合自己的学习方法。可以通过听歌曲、跟读、口语对练等不同的方法来学习和掌握英语语音。

总结

学习英语语音是英语学习的重要部分，需要耐心和坚持。通过多听多说，注重基本功，寻找适合自己的学习方法等方法，我们可以更好的掌握英语语音，提高自己的口语和听力水平。