中国大学微生物学_34期末答案(慕课2023课后作业答案)

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第一讲 绪论

第一讲 绪论

1、中国作业Which of the following is 大学答案答案not the object of microbiology?
A、Virus
B、微生物学Archaea
C、期末Mushroom
D、慕课Nematode (线虫)

2、课后Cell structures that only exist in eukaryotes but not prokaryotes do not include____.
A、中国作业Nucleus with membrane
B、大学答案答案Organelles with membrane
C、微生物学Ribosome
D、期末Cell wall

3、慕课A typical bacterial cell is 课后around ____.
A、Dozens of nanometers
B、中国作业Several micrometers
C、大学答案答案Several millimeters
D、微生物学Dozens of micrometers

4、Which of the following is not a fungus?
A、Yeast
B、Mold
C、Mushroom
D、Diatom

5、How many microbes are there in one gram of typical human feces (粪便)？
A、10^6
B、10^8
C、10^11
D、10^13

6、Which of the following is not a Pasteur’s contribution to microbiology?
A、Settle the theory of spontaneous generation
B、Invention of vaccine
C、Discovery of microorganisms
D、Fermentation is processed by microorganisms

7、Which of the following is not a Koch’s contribution to microbiology?
A、Invention of solid medium for bacterial isolation
B、Propose Koch’s Postulates
C、Identify the pathogen of tuberculosis
D、Discovery of antibiotics

8、Which reason will cause failure of the experiments that were designed to deny the theory of spontaneous generation for microorganisms?
A、Sealing of the bottles or flasks is not tight enough
B、Boiling time for the broth is not enough
C、Contamination by the cotton that was used to filter the air
D、All above

9、Which of following is the merit of agar as a solidifying agent for culture medium?
A、Transparent
B、Not degradable for most microorganisms
C、Melt at 90-100 degree C
D、All above

10、Fermentation products are not included ____
A、Glucose
B、Alcohol
C、Acetone
D、Lactic acid

11、The discovery of penicillin is in ____
A、1928
B、1935
C、1940
D、1945

12、Which of the following is not an exact Koch’s postulate?
A、The same microorganisms are present in every case of the disease
B、Microorganisms could be isolated in pure culture
C、Microorganisms from the pure culture are inoculated into healthy, susceptible animals and the animals die
D、The identical microorganisms are isolated and re-cultivated from the tissue specimens of the experimental animals

13、Infectious diseases include ____.
A、Disease caused by virus
B、Disease caused protozoa
C、Inherited disease
D、Disease caused bacteria

14、Microbial ecology studies ____.
A、Microbial carbon and nitrogen cycle
B、Microbial roles in global climate change
C、Microbial functions in ecosystems
D、All above

15、Industrial fermentation usually directly controls ____ in the fermenters (发酵装置).
A、Dissolved oxygen
B、Temperature
C、Supply of nutrients
D、Metabolic pathways of microorganisms

16、All microbes cannot be seen by naked eyes.

17、Mycology is a subject for studying mycobacterium (分支杆菌).

18、Leeuwenhoek is the first one who saw microorganisms under microscope.

19、Super bacteria are pathogens that are resistant to one antibiotic at very high concentration.

20、Numerous microbial cells live in human gut. They are at least comparable to the number of human cells.

第二讲 原核微生物

第二讲 原核微生物

1、Some microbes are unable to synthesize certain molecules needed for survival. () are called growth factors
A、amino acids, purines and pyrimidines, and vitamins.
B、vitamins, pyrins and virus
C、oxygen, nitrogen and iron
D、vitamins, oxygen and amino acids

2、Which is not belong to micronutrients or trace elements
A、manganes
B、cobalt
C、molybdenum
D、iron

3、Which is the component of plasma membrane of bacteria
A、hopanoid
B、sterol
C、ester
D、cholesterol

4、The bacteria were not coated outside of cell wall with
A、Capsule
B、Slime layer
C、S-layer
D、Petroleum

5、Which of the following is NOT a function of the plasma membrane?
A、It retains the cytoplasm.
B、It acts as a selectively permeable barrier, allowing some molecules to pass while preventing the movement of others.
C、It maintains the shapes of the bacteria.
D、It is the location of a variety of metabolic processes, including respiration and photosynthesis.

6、Which of the following is NOT true of prokaryotic plasmids?
A、They can exist and replicate independently of the chromosome.
B、They are required for host growth and/or reproduction.
C、They may carry genes for drug resistance.
D、They may carry genes that give the bacterium new useful metabolic activities.

7、Which of the following refers to a network of polysaccharides that extends from the surface of a bacterium and aids in attachment of the bacterium to surfaces?
A、lipoteichoic acid
B、lipopolysaccharide
C、outer membrane
D、glycocalyx

8、Slime layer another name is S layer.

9、Most bacteria and archaea are smaller than eukaryotic cells, often about the size of eukaryotic mitochondria and chloroplasts.

10、The membrane of microorganism have the hopanoids which is similar to sterol of human.

11、Conispores(split) are asexual spores,and are dispersed by air currents

12、The anammoxosome membrane contains an unusual group of lipids called hopanoid lipids.

13、S-layer may be only component outside plasma membrane in some gram negative archaea.

14、Best known group translocation system is a phosphoenolpyruvate: sugar phosphotransferase system (PTS) only exists in bacteria and archaea.

15、Microorganisms secrete siderophores to aid uptake Fe3+, siderophore complexes with Fe3+ then transported into cell.

16、Lactic acid bacteria can produce relatively large quantities of lactic acid from carbohydrates.

17、Propionibacterium freudenreichii can be used in dairy fermentation.

18、Coliforms and fecal coliforms are used as an index of sanitation.

19、Salmonella is pathogenic to humans.

20、Tofu does not spoil during refrigeration.

21、The vacuum-packed food can be stored at 4.4℃ for a long time without spoilage.

22、Yakult: made with Lab. casei; may contain Bifidobacterium spp.

第三讲 真核微生物

第三讲 真核微生物

1、The cell wall is found in which eucaryotes?
A、fungi
B、algae
C、protozoa
D、fungi and algae

2、What is embedded in rough endoplasmic reticulum?
A、Ribosomes
B、Golgi apparatus
C、chromatin
D、vesicles

3、A hypha divided into compartments by cross walls is called
A、nonseptate
B、imperfect
C、septate
D、perfect

4、Features of the nuclear envelope include
A、ribosomes
B、a double membrane structure
C、pores that allow communication with the cytoplasm
D、all of these

5、In general, if two haploid cells fuse, _______ will result.
A、a germ cell
B、a diploid zygote
C、mitosis
D、meiosis

6、Many Aspergillus are xerophilic (able to grow in low Aw) and can grow in ( ).
A、jams
B、cured ham
C、nuts
D、rice

7、Aspergillus niger can used to produce ( )
A、citric acid
B、gluconic acid
C、pectinase
D、amylase

8、Zygosaccharomyces can cause spoilage in（）
A、sauces
B、ketchups
C、pickles
D、mustards

9、Saccharomyces cerevisiae has been used to ().
A、leaven bread
B、produce beer
C、wine
D、distilled liquors

10、Eukaryotic membrances are similar in structure and function to bacterial membrances.The two differ in terms of their membrane protein.

11、The eucaryotic cytoplasm contisists of a cytosol in which are found the organelles and cytoskleton.

12、In general, fungi derive nutrients through digesting organic substrates

13、Cleistothecia contain some types of locomotor organelle.

14、All mold have a locomotor organelle

15、All mature conidiospores are dispered by air current.

16、Helminth parasites reproduce with spores eggs and sperm

17、The ascospore is a asexual stage.

18、Yeasts are macroscopic fungi, and molds are filamentous fungi.

19、Both flagella and cilia are found primarily in algae and fungi

20、Many molds can be used to produce food additives and enzymes.

21、Rhizopus stolonifer is the common black bread mold.

22、Rhodotorula glutinis can cause discoloration of foods such as meat, fish, and sauerkraut.

第四讲 病毒

第四讲 病毒

1、In which of the following ways do viruses differ from living microbial cells?
A、Viruses are acellular
B、Viruses have RNA or DNA, but usually not both within the same virion.
C、Viruses are obligate intracellular parasites that cannot reproduce independently of host cells.
D、All of the above are ways in which viruses differ from living microbial cells.

2、What viruses have a single-stranded RNA genome with the same base sequence as the viral mRNA?
A、plus-strand RNA viruses
B、minus-strand RNA viruses
C、complementary-strand RNA viruses
D、None of the above is correct.

3、Which of the following is NOT commonly used by animal viruses to enter host cells?
A、capsid remains outside the cell, as the nucleic acid is injected through the plasma membrane
B、fusion of envelope with plasma membrane
C、endocytosis
D、All of the above are ways that animal viruses enter host cells.

4、Envelop virus is a partical with cellular membrane.

5、Like bacteria and eukaryotic microorganisms, viruses can be cultured on artificial media.

6、Bacteriophages (phages) are viruses that have the typical prokaryotic appearance of bacteria.

7、In viral envelopes, the lipids usually come from the host cell, while the proteins are coded for by viral genes.

8、Most DNA viruses have single-stranded DNA as their genome, and most RNA viruses have double-stranded RNA as their genome.

9、The single-stranded genome of RNA phages serves both as a template for its own replication and as mRNA.

10、Prion-mediated pathogenesis may involve conformational change in the prion protein (PrP) to an abnormal form.

11、Poliovirus, adenovirus, echo virus, and Coxsackie virus can cause foodborne diseases.

12、Some viruses are able to cause enteric disease if present in a food.

13、Some bacterial viruses (bacteriophages) are used to identify some pathogens on the basis of the sensitivity of the cells to a series of bacteriophages at appropriate dilutions.

14、Some bacteriophages can infect and destroy starter-culture bacteria, causing product failure.

15、Among the lactic acid bacteria, bacteriophages have been isolated for many species in the genera Lactococcus, Streptococcus, Leuconostoc, and Lactobacillus.

期末考试

期末考试

1、Which of the following is not the object of microbiology?
A、Nematode (线虫)
B、Virus
C、Archaea
D、Mushroom

2、A typical bacterial cell is around ____.
A、Several micrometers
B、Dozens of nanometers
C、Several millimeters
D、Dozens of micrometers

3、Which of the following is not a Pasteur’s contribution to microbiology?
A、Discovery of microorganisms
B、Settle the theory of spontaneous generation
C、Invention of vaccine
D、Fermentation is processed by microorganisms

4、Which reason will cause failure of the experiments that were designed to deny the theory of spontaneous generation for microorganisms?
A、All above
B、Sealing of the bottles or flasks is not tight enough
C、Boiling time for the broth is not enough
D、Contamination by the cotton that was used to filter the air

5、Fermentation products are not included ____
A、Glucose
B、Alcohol
C、Acetone
D、Lactic acid

6、The discovery of penicillin is in ____
A、1928
B、1935
C、1940
D、1945

7、Infectious diseases include ____.
A、Inherited disease
B、Disease caused by virus
C、Disease caused protozoa
D、Disease caused bacteria

8、Industrial fermentation usually directly controls ____ in the fermenters (发酵装置).
A、Metabolic pathways of microorganisms
B、Dissolved oxygen
C、Temperature
D、Supply of nutrients

9、Some microbes are unable to synthesize certain molecules needed for survival. () are called growth factors
A、amino acids, purines and pyrimidines, and vitamins.
B、vitamins, pyrins and virus
C、oxygen, nitrogen and iron
D、vitamins, oxygen and amino acids

10、Which is not belong to micronutrients or trace elements
A、iron
B、manganes
C、cobalt
D、molybdenum

11、Which is the component of plasma membrane of bacteria
A、hopanoid
B、sterol
C、ester
D、cholesterol

12、The bacteria were not coated outside of cell wall with
A、Petroleum
B、Capsule
C、Slime layer
D、S-layer

13、Which of the following is NOT true of prokaryotic plasmids?
A、They are required for host growth and/or reproduction
B、They can exist and replicate independently of the chromosome
C、They may carry genes for drug resistance
D、They may carry genes that give the bacterium new useful metabolic activities.

14、Which of the following refers to a network of polysaccharides that extends from the surface of a bacterium and aids in attachment of the bacterium to surfaces?
A、glycocalyx
B、lipoteichoic acid
C、lipopolysaccharide
D、outer membrane

15、The cell wall is found in which eucaryotes?
A、fungi and algae
B、fungi
C、algae
D、protozoa

16、A hypha divided into compartments by cross walls is called
A、septate
B、nonseptate
C、imperfect
D、perfect

17、Features of the nuclear envelope include
A、pores that allow communication with the cytoplasm
B、ribosomes
C、a double membrane structure
D、all of these

18、In general, if two haploid cells fuse, _______ will result.
A、a diploid zygote
B、a germ cell
C、mitosis
D、meiosis

19、In which of the following ways do viruses differ from living microbial cells?
A、All of the above are ways in which viruses differ from living microbial cells.
B、Viruses are acellular
C、Viruses have RNA or DNA, but usually not both within the same virion.
D、Viruses are obligate intracellular parasites that cannot reproduce independently of host cells.

20、What viruses have a single-stranded RNA genome with the same base sequence as the viral mRNA?
A、plus-strand RNA viruses
B、minus-strand RNA viruses
C、complementary-strand RNA viruses
D、None of the above is correct.

21、Which of the following is NOT commonly used by animal viruses to enter host cells?
A、capsid remains outside the cell, as the nucleic acid is injected through the plasma membrane
B、fusion of envelope with plasma membrane
C、endocytosis
D、All of the above are ways that animal viruses enter host cells.

22、Many Aspergillus are xerophilic (able to grow in low Aw) and can grow in ( ).
A、jams
B、cured ham
C、nuts
D、rice

23、Aspergillus niger can used to produce ( )
A、citric acid
B、gluconic acid
C、pectinase
D、amylase

24、Zygosaccharomyces can cause spoilage in ( )
A、sauces
B、ketchups
C、pickles
D、mustards

25、Saccharomyces cerevisiae has been used to ( )
A、leaven bread
B、produce beer
C、wine
D、distilled liquors

26、All microbes cannot be seen by naked eyes.

27、Mycology is a subject for studying mycobacterium (分支杆菌).

28、Leeuwenhoek is the first one who saw microorganisms under microscope.

29、Super bacteria are pathogens that are resistant to one antibiotic at very high concentration.

30、Numerous microbial cells live in human gut. They are at least comparable to the number of human cells.

31、Some bacteriophages can infect and destroy starter-culture bacteria, causing product failure.

32、Among the lactic acid bacteria, bacteriophages have been isolated for many species in the genera Lactococcus, Streptococcus, Leuconostoc, and Lactobacillus.

33、Many molds can be used to produce food additives and enzymes.

34、Rhizopus stolonifer is the common black bread mold.

35、Rhodotorula glutinis can cause discoloration of foods such as meat, fish, and sauerkraut.

36、Propionibacterium freudenreichii can be used in dairy fermentation.

37、Coliforms and fecal coliforms are used as an index of sanitation.

38、Salmonella is pathogenic to humans.

39、Tofu does not spoil during refrigeration.

40、The vacuum-packed food can be stored at 4.4℃ for a long time without spoilage.

41、Yakult: made with Lab. casei; may contain Bifidobacterium spp.

42、Most bacteria and archaea are smaller than eukaryotic cells, often about the size of eukaryotic mitochondria and chloroplasts.

43、he membrane of microorganism have the hopanoids which is similar to sterol of human.

44、Conispores(split) are asexual spores,and are dispersed by air currents

45、The anammoxosome membrane contains an unusual group of lipids called hopanoid lipids.

46、Best known group translocation system is a phosphoenolpyruvate: sugar phosphotransferase system (PTS) only exists in bacteria and archaea.

47、In general, fungi derive nutrients through digesting organic substrates

48、Cleistothecia contain some types of locomotor organelle.

49、All mold have a locomotor organelle

50、Yeasts are macroscopic fungi, and molds are filamentous fungi.

51、Both flagella and cilia are found primarily in algae and fungi

52、Like bacteria and eukaryotic microorganisms, viruses can be cultured on artificial media.

53、Bacteriophages (phages) are viruses that have the typical prokaryotic appearance of bacteria.

54、Most DNA viruses have single-stranded DNA as their genome, and most RNA viruses have double-stranded RNA as their genome.

55、The single-stranded genome of RNA phages serves both as a template for its own replication and as mRNA.

56、Poliovirus, adenovirus, echo virus, and Coxsackie virus can cause foodborne diseases.

57、Some viruses are able to cause enteric disease if present in a food.

58、Some bacterial viruses (bacteriophages) are used to identify some pathogens on the basis of the sensitivity of the cells to a series of bacteriophages at appropriate dilutions.

59、Some bacteriophages can infect and destroy starter-culture bacteria, causing product failure.

60、Among the lactic acid bacteria, bacteriophages have been isolated for many species in the genera Lactococcus, Streptococcus, Leuconostoc, and Lactobacillus.

学习通微生物学_34

微生物学是生物学的一个重要分支，研究微小的无细胞或有细胞的微生物。微生物包括细菌、病毒、真菌、藻类、原生动物等等。微生物的繁殖速度非常快，能够在短时间内形成大量的个体，给人类带来了许多好处，也带来了很多危害。因此，了解微生物的特点和行为规律，对人类有着非常重要的意义。

微生物的分类

根据生物学家的研究和分类，微生物可以分为以下几类：

• 细菌
• 病毒
• 真菌
• 藻类
• 原生动物

细菌

细菌是一类单细胞的微生物，形态大小不一，可以有一根或多根鞭毛，也可以没有鞭毛。细菌可以通过二分法繁殖，繁殖速度非常快，有些细菌每20分钟就会繁殖一次。细菌可以生存于各种环境中，包括水、土壤、空气、动物、植物等等。有些细菌对人类有着重要的意义，如肠道中的益生菌就可以帮助人类消化食物。

病毒

病毒是一类非细胞的微生物，只有在寄生在细胞内才能生存。病毒的构造非常简单，由核酸和蛋白质组成，没有细胞壁、细胞膜等结构，因此也不能自主进行代谢。病毒可以感染各种生物，包括人类、动物、植物等等。感染病毒可以引起各种疾病，如感冒、流感、艾滋病等等。

真菌

真菌是一类多细胞或单细胞的微生物，可以分为两类：子囊菌和担子菌。子囊菌结构简单，可以形成芽孢或子囊。担子菌则结构复杂，可以形成孢子或鳞片体。真菌可以生存于土壤、植物、动物等等，有些真菌可以产生有用的物质，如青霉素等抗生素。

藻类

藻类是一类单细胞或多细胞的微生物，生活在水中或潮间带。藻类有很强的光合作用，可以产生氧气和有机物质。常见的藻类包括海藻、硅藻、绿藻等等。

原生动物

原生动物是一类单细胞的微生物，形态大小不一，可以有纤毛、伪足等结构。原生动物可以生活在水、土壤、动物体内等等，有些原生动物可以引起人类疾病，如疟原虫等。

微生物的应用

微生物对人类有很多应用。以下是一些常见的应用：

• 制药业
• 食品工业
• 环保产业
• 石油工业
• 农业

制药业

微生物在制药过程中起着非常重要的作用。许多药物的制造过程都需要用到微生物，如青霉素、链霉素等抗生素。微生物还可以产生许多其他类别的药物，如激素、酶等等，这些药物对人类疾病的治疗和预防有着非常重要的作用。

食品工业

微生物在食品工业中也有重要的作用。例如，发酵食品的制作过程中，需要用到发酵菌，如酵母菌、乳酸菌等等。这些微生物可以将食品中的淀粉、蛋白质等转化为其他有用的成分，使食品更加美味和健康。

环保产业

微生物在环保产业中也有着非常重要的作用。例如，处理污水时，可以利用微生物的代谢能力，将有机物质转化为无机物质，起到净化水质的作用。此外，微生物还可以用于生物控制，防止害虫的繁殖。

石油工业

微生物在石油工业中也发挥着重要的作用。例如，厌氧微生物可以在石油减压开采时产生气体，提高能源的利用率。此外，微生物还可以利用石油中的有机物质，生产出其他有用的化合物，如生物柴油等。

农业

微生物在农业中也有着重要的作用。例如，微生物可以合成出植物生长所需的氮、磷等微量元素，提高农业生产的效率。此外，微生物还可以用于制作有机肥料，改善土壤环境，保护农业生态环境。

微生物的危害

微生物在带来好处的同时，也会给人类带来很多危害。以下是一些常见的微生物危害：

• 疾病传播
• 食品污染
• 环境污染
• 物质破坏

疾病传播

许多疾病都是由微生物引起的。例如，感冒、流感、肺结核等都是由细菌或病毒引起的疾病。只要人们和病原微生物接触，就有可能感染到疾病。

食品污染

微生物也会污染食品，引起食品中毒。例如，霉菌会产生毒素，食用受污染的食品会引起中毒。此外，肉类、蛋类、牛奶等食品也可能受到细菌污染，引起人体不适。

环境污染

微生物也会引起环境污染。例如，城市污水中可能含有各种细菌、病毒等微生物，如果处理不当就会污染环境，对人类健康造成威胁。

物质破坏

微生物还会对物质造成腐蚀、破坏等。例如，细菌会产生酸，腐蚀金属表面；霉菌会腐蚀纸张等物质。

微生物的防治

为了防止微生物的危害，人类需要采取一系列的措施进行防治。以下是一些常见的防治措施：

• 卫生习惯
• 疫苗接种
• 消毒灭菌
• 防治措施

卫生习惯

卫生习惯是防治微生物的一种重要措施。例如，勤洗手、饮食卫生、室内通风等都可以减少微生物的传播和繁殖。

疫苗接种

对于一些常见的疾病，人们可以通过接种疫苗来预防感染。疫苗可以激发人体免疫力，提高对病原微生物的抵抗力，有效预防疾病的发生。

消毒灭菌

对于一些医疗设备、食品等，需要进行消毒灭菌，以防止微生物繁殖和传播。消毒灭菌可以使用高温、化学药品、紫外线等多种方法进行。

防治措施

对于一些常见的微生物危害，人们可以采取针对性的防治措施。例如，防止城市污水污染环境、加强食品安全监管、加强农业生态环境保护等等。

总结

微生物是一类生命力非常强的生物，它们可以在各种环境中进行生长和繁殖，为人类带来了很多好处，也带来了很多危害。为了充分利用微生物的优点，同时避免微生物的危害，人们需要采取一系列的措施进行防治。

中国大学微生物学

微生物学是生物学的分支之一，涉及到微生物的分类、结构、生理、生态、遗传及应用等方面。随着基因工程、生物技术等领域的不断发展，微生物学在农业、医学、环境保护、食品工业等领域的应用也逐渐扩大。

国内微生物学教育与科研现状

目前，国内微生物学教育主要分为本科和研究生阶段。本科阶段，一般涵盖微生物学基础知识、实验技能和应用方向；研究生阶段，除了更深入地学习和掌握微生物学理论和实验技能外，还要进行研究性工作，攻读硕士或博士学位。在国内，微生物学专业从事教育和科研的高校较多，例如中国科学院微生物研究所、北京大学生命科学学院、复旦大学生命科学学院等。

国内微生物学研究领域涉及到微生物的分子生物学、生态学、遗传学、发酵技术、抗生素研究等方面。近年来，在微生物代谢工程、微生物鉴定与检测、微生物药物研究等领域的应用研究也逐渐增多。

中国大学微生物学课程设置与教学

中国大学微生物学课程设置主要包括微生物学概论、微生物学实验、微生物学基础、微生物学进展等专业课程。在教学实践中，许多高校还结合了微生物学相关的实验技能和应用方向的教学，如微生物工程、微生物发酵工艺、微生物制药等。

针对当前微生物学教学中存在的问题，一些高校采取了教学改革措施。首先，引入了新的教学模式和方法，如“案例教学法”、“研究式学习”等，强化学生的实践能力和创新能力。同时，整合学科资源，多学科交叉融合，提高微生物学的综合性和应用性。此外，还注重拓宽学生的视野，开展国内外学术交流和实践活动，提高学生的国际化视野和竞争力。

未来微生物学的发展方向

未来，微生物学的发展趋势包括以下几个方面：

1.微生物研究将越来越重视微生物的多样性和生态功能，扩大对微生物在生态系统中的作用研究。

2.微生物代谢工程将有更广泛的应用，例如：利用微生物代谢产生生物燃料和其他化学品，解决能源和化学品的短缺问题。

3.微生物学在医疗和生物制药领域的应用将继续发挥重要作用，如研究微生物抗生素的生产机制，发掘新的抗生素。

4.微生物学将与现代信息技术、生物技术、材料科学等领域相结合，开发新的研究工具和技术，推动微生物学的跨学科交叉发展。

结语

微生物学的研究和应用在国家宏观经济和社会发展中具有不可替代的重要作用。当前，微生物学教育和科研领域正在不断深化和发展，期待未来微生物学研究能够更好地为人类社会的发展和进步做出更大的贡献。