尔雅环境分析化学_2答案(学习通2023完整答案)
12 min read尔雅环境分析化学_2答案(学习通2023完整答案)
Chapter 1单元测验
1、尔雅以下说法错误的环境化学是：现代环境分析化学就是研究如何运用现代科学理论和先进实验技术来鉴别和测定环境中化学物质的
A、成分
B、分析含量
C、答案化学形态和毒性
D、学习不包括其种类
2、通完本课程采用 教学。整答
A、尔雅汉语
B、环境化学英语
C、分析双语
D、答案母语
3、学习The通完 practical of operations which is used to obtain an analytical result from a sample, is known as the analytical method.
A、method
B、整答person
C、尔雅sequence
D、behavior
4、一项环境全分析过程，通常由 个阶段构成。
A、4
B、5
C、6
D、7-8
5、环境研究中，分析方法的选择，错误的说法是 。
A、需考虑方法的准确度
B、需考虑方法的灵敏度
C、需考虑方法的检出限
D、不需考虑样品的个数
6、进入21世纪， 已成为当今世界的三大社会问题。
A、人口
B、资源
C、环境
D、动植物
7、环境分析化学研究对象范围广。涉及大气、溪流、湖泊、江河、海洋、土壤陆地系统乃至生物圈。
8、环境分析化学研究内容复杂。要求对进入环境的数万种化学品进行价态、形态分析，结构分析，系统分析，同类物、异构体分析，微区、薄层、表面分析，甚至到三维空间扫描分析和时间分辨数据。
9、环境属于多层次、多介质、多元动态系统，环境分析化学要求分析研究对象的迁移变化规律等。
10、环境分析化学研究组分的含量低。尤其是存在于环境、野生动植物和人体组织中的持久性有机污染物（POPs）和环境激素等，须用超高灵敏度的分析设备和良好的净化技术以及特异性的分离手段。
11、环境分析化学中，分析测试技术涉及的专业面越来越广，综合性越来越强。
12、环境分析化学与环境化学和环境监测相比，具有显著的学科前沿性与超前性。
13、拟定分析方案、选择分析方法时，需要考虑的因素不包括完成测定的时间。
14、现代环境分析化学几乎动用了所有的现代分析化学的最新测试技术和手段，已发展成为内容浩繁、将化学和环境科学的基础理论和实验技术深度融合的交叉性学科。
15、Sample consists of two parts, the matrix which is the substance to be determined, and the rest of the sample which comprises the analyte.
16、Where the aim is to identify or detect the presence of a species qualitative analysis is carried out. In circumstances where the amount of a substance present is measured, quantitative analysis is used.
17、重量法、容量法、光谱法和质谱法都是分析方法，不是分析技术。
18、在确定环境分析目标时，分析化学家最好与环境科学家有一个充分的协商。
19、Sampling can be divided into following types: Hypothesis guided sampling，random sampling，systematic sampling and stratified sampling
20、Standard materials used should have a composition, which is closely similar to the sample, both its analyte concentration and matrix.
Chapter 1单元作业
1、Write down the definition and characteristics of environmental analytical chemistry.
2、What is the principal factors underlying some very difficult problems to analytical chemists in environmental analytical?
3、Write down the stages of overall analytical process in an environmental investigation.
4、How to select an analytical method？
Chapter 2 Analytical environmental data: assessment and interpretation
Chapter 2单元测验
1、For any measurement there is an ultimately correct value which is known as the .
A、mean
B、median
C、experimental result
D、true result
2、is simply the difference between an experimental result and the true result.
A、variance
B、error
C、deviation
D、relative error
3、The closeness of an experimental result to the true result is known as its .
A、accuracy
B、precision
C、error
D、sensitivity
4、The closeness of an experimental result to another experimental result is known as its .
A、accuracy
B、precision
C、error
D、sensitivity
5、refers to variations where replicate measurements are made under closely controlled circumstances in one place and in a short timescale.
A、reproducibility
B、precision
C、repeatability
D、accuracy
6、applies when time and place and other circumstances may differ substantially, but with the method remaining ostensibly the same.
A、reproducibility
B、precision
C、repeatability
D、accuracy
7、The numerical difference between the highest and lowest values in a data set is known as its .
A、area
B、range or spread
C、length
D、width
8、The arithmetic average of a set of data is known as its .
A、mean
B、median
C、precision
D、experimental result
9、If data are unsymmetrically distributed they may be best represented by the most frequently occurring value, i.e. the one corresponding to the peak of the distribution curve. This is known as the .
A、peak
B、mode
C、maximum value
D、extreme value
10、In a set of data of 2.9, 5.7, 3.8, 4.2, 7.7, 5.2, 9.4, the median is .
A、4.2
B、5.7
C、5.2
D、7.7
11、The precision is usually expressed by the .
A、error
B、relative standard deviation
C、standard deviation
D、relative error
12、Indeterminate error can be traced to sources such as:
A、sampling and sample handling
B、the analytical method
C、faulty instrumentation
D、small variations in temperature
13、用AAS法测定某样品中锌的含量，得到如下结果：4.22, 3.95，4.12，4.19， 4.05(?g/g)，经计算，其Q值为 .
A、0.53
B、0.45
C、0.37
D、0.66
14、The true result is never known.
15、For estimating the significance of an error, the absolute error is more useful than the relative error.
16、The absolute error is quoted in the same units as the measurement.
17、A degree of freedom is an independent variable.
18、variances are additive and the overall variance for a process may be estimated by summing the individual variances for its constituent parts.
19、两个实验室采用同一方法对同一样品中的某元素进行了分析，测得结果如下： 第一组 6.1 6.9 5.9 6.2 6.7 6.0 第二组 6.3 6.2 5.7 5.5 5.4 如果该样品的推荐值为5.5 (mg/g) 经计算比较（90%的置信水平），两组数据的精密度有显著性差异。
20、上题中，经计算比较（90%的置信水平），两组数据的平均值有显著性差异。
Chapter 2单元作业
1、Write down the definitions of precision and accuracy. Comment upon their interdependence.
2、Examine the following set of replicate measurements for outliers. 3.41, 3.49, 3.25, 3.52, 3.42, 3.46%
3、Two sets of replicate measurements for an analyte in the same reference sample were obtained by analytical procedures. Set 1 15.4, 15.9, 16.7, 16.1, 16.2 ppm Set 2 15.3, 17.1, 16.7, 15.5, 17.3 ppm If the accepted content of the reference material is 15.8 ppm, compare the performance of the two procedures with regard to precision and accuracy.
4、Calculate the pooled standard deviation for the data in question 3.
Chapter 3 Speciation
Chapter 3 单元测验
1、根据样品的性质来划分，形态可以划分为 金属元素形态、土壤和沉积物中金属元素形态和大气颗粒物形态。
A、水体中
B、海水中
C、湖水中
D、淡水中
2、表征与测定元素（或污染物）在环境中存在的各种物理和化学形态的 称为形态分析。
A、技术
B、手段
C、过程
D、方法
3、森林土壤中， 更易被降水淋溶而迁移。
A、Pb2+比Pb4+
B、Pb4+比Pb2+
C、As(V)比As(Ⅲ)
D、Sb(V)比Sb(Ⅲ)
4、在Tessier法中，提取碳酸盐结合态的溶剂是 。
A、1mol/L MgCl2或NH4Ac ，pH 7.0
B、1mol/L NaAc – HAc，pH 5.0
C、0.04mol/L NH2OH·HCl +4.4mol/L HAc，96℃
D、0.02mol/L HNO3 +H2O2 pH 2.0, 85℃, 3.2mol/L NH4Ac + 3mol/L HNO3
5、在Tessier法中，提取铁锰氧化物结合态的溶剂是 。
A、1mol/L MgCl2或NH4Ac ，pH 7.0
B、1mol/L NaAc – HAc，pH 5.0
C、0.04mol/L NH2OH·HCl +4.4mol/L HAc，96℃
D、0.02mol/L HNO3 +H2O2 pH 2.0, 85℃, 3.2mol/L NH4Ac + 3mol/L HNO3
6、在Tessier法中，提取可交换态的溶剂是 。
A、1mol/L MgCl2或NH4Ac ，pH 7.0
B、1mol/L NaAc – HAc，pH 5.0
C、0.04mol/L NH2OH·HCl +4.4mol/L HAc，96℃
D、0.02mol/L HNO3 +H2O2 pH 2.0, 85℃, 3.2mol/L NH4Ac + 3mol/L HNO3
7、在Tessier法中，提取有机结合态的溶剂是 。
A、1mol/L MgCl2或NH4Ac ，pH 7.0
B、1mol/L NaAc – HAc，pH 5.0
C、0.04mol/L NH2OH·HCl +4.4mol/L HAc，96℃
D、0.02mol/L HNO3 +H2O2 pH 2.0, 85℃, 3.2mol/L NH4Ac + 3mol/L HNO3
8、在Tessier法中，提取残渣态的溶剂是 。
A、1mol/L MgCl2或NH4Ac, pH 7.0
B、HF + HClO4
C、0.04mol/L NH2OH·HCl +4.4mol/L HAc, 96℃
D、0.02mol/L HNO3 +H2O2 pH 2.0, 85℃, 3.2mol/L NH4Ac + 3mol/L HNO3
9、是准确形态分析的主要手段。
A、色谱技术
B、光谱技术
C、联用技术
D、电化学技术
10、金属与土壤和沉积物组分的结合形态，是根据特定的提取剂和提取步骤来定义的。目前，有代表性的分类方法主要有：
A、Tessier法
B、Cambrell法
C、Shuman法
D、BCR法
11、形态分析采样时需要考虑的主要问题有：
A、样品的种类
B、样品的大致浓度范围
C、基体的种类及均匀程度
D、所用分析方法的特殊性
12、Speciation may be defined as the different physico-chemical forms of an element which together comprise its total concentration in a given sample.
13、根据形态的物理化学性质来划分，形态包括物理和化学形态。物理形态包括粒度、溶解度、密度、胶体等；化学形态包括价态、化合态、结合态和结构态。
14、化学形态分析包括筛选形态分析、分组形态分析、分配形态分析和个体形态分析等
15、化学形态分析分为准确定量形态分析和按操作定义的形态分析。
16、砷形态的毒性顺序为:三氧化二砷（砒霜）>砷化氢>亚砷酸>砷酸盐>砷酸>砷。
17、顺序（分步）提取法的基本原理是：模拟自然和人为的环境条件变化，按从弱到强的原则，合理使用一系列选择性试剂，连续溶解不同结合态痕量元素的矿物相，将样品中不同赋存状态的元素解析出来，最后分别进行测定。
18、形态分析时，样品贮存要考虑光照、微生物（生物甲基化或生物降解）、温度、pH、贮存容器材料（吸附或污染）的对元素化学形态的影响，保持化学形态的完整性。
19、溶解态金属的形态分析技术分为实验法(或叫直接法)和计算机模拟法（计算法）两大类。
20、模拟计算法是根据热力学平衡原理，计算时考虑到处于平衡状态下溶解态金属的水解、聚合、络合、胶体形成和吸附等因素对金属形态的影响，通过计算，估算出水体中可能存在的金属形态及其浓度。
Chapter 3单元作业
1、Write down the definition and importance of speciation.
2、How many approaches are there in trace metal speciation? What is the advantages and disadvantages of each approaches?
3、Write down the classical five-step sequential extraction approach.
Chapter 4 Trace element
Chapter 4单元测验
1、1. There are naturally occurring elements on the earth.
A、92
B、90
C、78
D、86
2、In biological systems elements can be basically grouped into .
A、major elements
B、minor elements
C、trace elements
D、A+B+C
3、From a biological viewpoint, trace elements are most conveniently classified into: .
A、major, minor and trace
B、essential, non-essential and toxic
C、organic and inorganic
D、toxic and non-toxic
4、The trace elements essential for plants are those elements which cannot be substituted by others in their specific biochemical roles and that have a direct influence on the organism so that it can neither grow nor complete some metabolic.
A、roles
B、behaviors
C、properties
D、reactions
5、In systems, trace elements are defined as being essential if depletion consistently results in a deficiency syndrome and repletion specifically reverses the abnormalities.
A、plant
B、human
C、animal
D、human and animal
6、The physiological roles of the essential trace elements relate to their association with systems.
A、protein
B、enzyme
C、lipids
D、free fatty acids
7、The earth’s crust is the source of all the natural trace elements of the various environmental, geological and marine systems.
A、early
B、main
C、primordial
D、natural
8、The earth’s crust contains free trace elements.
A、very few
B、a lot of
C、very little
D、very much
9、Soilsare considered as for trace elements, and therefore they play an important role in the environmental cycling of elements.
A、sources
B、origins
C、basin
D、sinks
10、Bacteria in the top sediment-water interface can strongly influence the chemical form and toxicity of various trace elements.
A、physical form and toxicity
B、chemical form and toxicity
C、chemical form and size
D、physical form and bioavailability
11、The purposes for most water samples to be filtrated immediately following collection are to remove .
A、algae, bacteria and particulate matter
B、algae
C、bacteria
D、particulate matter
12、Freeze drying is the preferred method for removing moisture from samples without trace element losses or contamination.
A、soil and sediment
B、soil and water
C、plant and animal
D、animal and water
13、The most desirable features of sample digestion methods are： .
A、The ability to dissolve the sample completely (no insoluble residues)
B、reasonably quick and always safe
C、no possible sources of sample loss through volatibility, adsorption onto the walls of the vessel
D、elimination of sample contamination from the reagents used in the dissolution process
14、The analytical techniques for measuring trace elements in environmental samples include:
A、AAS, AFS, ICP-OES or ICP-AES
B、NAA, XRF, PIXE, SSMS, IDMS
C、electrochemical (anodic stripping voltammetry and polarography)
D、inductively coupled plasma—mass spectrometry (ICP-MS)
15、The elemental composition of the earth’s crust is predominantly H, O, C, N, Ca, P, K and Cl, whereas the human body is O, Si, Al, Fe, Ca, Na, K, and Mg.
16、Elemental distribution is very complex and dependent upon many physical and chemical factors, including energetic radiation, weathering, pH, redox properties, solubility, etc.
17、Due to their low concentration, many of the trace elements are not important for the growth, development, and health of living organisms.
18、In biological systems the major elements maintain electrolyte balance processes while the minor elements act as structural components.
19、The trace element composition of animal and human tissues or fluid is directly related to the trace element content and bioavailability in the soil or sediment-plant-animal-human food chain.
20、The impact of water pollution depends upon the magnitude of trace element input, duration of input, physical and chemical form and associated ligands or chemicals.
Chapter 4单元作业
1、In plant and animal systems, is it the same of the definition and inclusion for essential elements? Why?
2、What are the most desirable features of sample dissolution procedure?
3、What are the characteristics of ideal analytical technique for measuring trace elements in environmental samples?
4、Write down the approaches of determination of trace elements in environmental sample. What are their limitations? How to reduce or eliminate these problems?
5、What are the factors that affect the choice of analytical method for making trace element measurements of environmental or biological samples?
Chapter 5 The determination of trace amounts of organic compounds
Chapter 5单元测验
1、Environmental analysis may be limited1111 to surrounding environment, where we may investigate the presence of unnatural or unwanted materials in .
A、Water
B、soil
C、Air
D、All of the above
2、Techniques such as and infrared (IR, 红外) spectroscopywhich have been traditionally used as aids in identification rather than for quantitation are most applicable.
A、Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)
B、Atomic adsorption spectroscopy (AAS)
C、Atomic emission spectroscopy (AES)
D、UV-vis adsorption spectroscopy
3、Environment organic pollutants include , alcohols and phenols, anilines and benzidines (联苯氨), chlorinated solvents, etc.
A、Aliphatic hydrocarbons
B、Aromatic hydrocarbons
C、Aldehydes
D、All of the above
4、Methods commonly used for trace organic analysis can be assigned to one of three subdivisions: sample preparation, and detection.
A、Partition
B、Extraction
C、Chromatography
D、None of the above
5、can be chosen for extracting chlorinated pesticide residues, hence separation by gas chromatography and quantitation using an electron capture detector.
A、Hexane
B、Dichlorobenzene
C、Chloroform
D、Dichloromethane
6、In general, the first common step in most protocols for sample preparation is .
A、Maceration
B、Dissolution
C、Extraction
D、Partition
7、Once the solution has been reduced to a small volume, ca. cm3 (mL), it is better to remove the sample from heat altogether.
A、0.1
B、0.5
C、5
D、20
8、In GC, can not be selected as the more selective detectors for conventional capillary column.
A、FID (Flame Ionization Detection) detector
B、ECD (Electron capture detector)
C、Flame thermionic detector
D、Thermal conductivity detector
9、HPLC is of most utility where the organic analytes have .
A、Large molecular mass
B、Low volatility
C、Polar or contains many polar substituents
D、All of the above.
10、GC-MS is most probably the most powerful tool available for the analysis of trace organic materials because of its inherent high and good sensitivity.
A、Selectivity
B、Accuracy
C、Repeatability
D、Detection limit
11、The analysis of PAHs in air-borne particular matter is often conducted using HPLC combined with detection.
A、Electrochemistry
B、Fluorescence
C、AAS
D、AES
12、It is simply a matter of degree or concentration that separates the noxious from the innocuous.
13、A general guideline is that if a material has a damaging effect at median or low concentrations. It is necessary to consider their chemical activity, and the biological system under investigation.
14、The phase ‘like dissolves like’ best describes the approach to successful analyte separation.
15、The more polar organochlorine and organophosphorus residues had a lower affinity for acetonitrile than hexane resulting in higher recoveries.
16、In liquid-liquid partition, the interface is a physical barrier which bars the exchange of solvent molecules, but permits the migration of solute (the analyte) in both directions.
17、In concentration step when sample preparation, someone can reduce the volume of solvent as quickly as possible by the application of too much heat.
18、The aim of a screening in multiresidue analysis is to determine which environmental sample submitted may be contaminated or not.
19、In MS, the fragmentation pattern can be used as a fingerprint to positively identify the analyte present.
20、Amines are difficult to work with by LC because the chromatograms display tailing peaks caused by the adsorption of the sample onto the support or internal column surface.
Chapter 5单元作业
1、What constitutes the environment？
2、What constitutes the pollutant?
3、What should we pay attention to when sample preparation?
Chapter 6 Ecotoxicology
Chapter 6单元测验
1、The term ecotoxicology is used to define the branch of toxicology concerned with the study of the effects of natural and man-made (anthropogenic) substances on the biotic (living) and abiotic (non-living) components of the biosphere
A、side
B、acute
C、toxic
D、chronic
2、A toxicant is an agent that has a harmful effect on a biological system at levels, from the subcellular, through whole organisms to communities and entire ecosystems.
A、every
B、all
C、high
D、low
3、The most important factors influencing the toxicity of a substance are its properties as these determine its biological activity at the cellular level, which in turn dictates its impact at higher structural levels in a biological system.
A、physical
B、physicochemical
C、chemical
D、natural
4、Where an effect occurs at the primary site of contact between an organism and a toxicant, it is termed a effect.
A、systemic
B、long-term
C、local
D、short-term
5、The graph describing the of a biological system to a toxicant over a range of concentrations is known as the dose-response curve.
A、response
B、answer
C、react
D、behavior
6、From the dose/concentration-response curve of a toxicant, it can be seen that
A、The response tested is causally related to the toxicant;
B、That below a certain dose no response occurs or at least can be detected;
C、Once a maximum response is achieved any additional increases in dose will have no effect.
D、A+B+C
7、LC50represents the at which 50% of the test population is killed.
A、Dose
B、content
C、concentration
D、magnitude
8、LD50 represents the Lethal of a substance that causes the death of 50% of test organisms
A、concentration
B、dose
C、content
D、density
9、EC50 refers to the concentration of a substance that produces a change in sublethal behavior or physiological response in 50% of test organisms.
A、effect
B、efficient
C、effective
D、elution
10、TC50 represents the concentration at which a substance produces a response in 50% of test organisms.
A、toxic
B、total
C、time
D、top
11、Ecotoxicological effects can be broadly classified as .
A、direct
B、indirect
C、reversible
D、irreversible
12、Ecotoxicology is often used synonymously with the related term environmental toxicology, although the latter strictly encompasses the effects of chemicals and other agents on humans.
13、The ultimate objective of ecotoxicology is to protect natural communities of organisms from the adverse effects of potential toxicants.
14、The use of models derived from the so-called quantitative structure-activity relationships (QSARs) of potential toxicants is an increasingly important aspect of ecotoxicological work.
15、A number of toxicants, such as many industrial solvents, are non-selective in their toxic effects as they appear to be able to act on a range of target sites within organisms.
16、The relationship between dose and biological response can be very variable and sometimes exposure to low doses of a potential toxicant may have unexpected positive biological effects.
17、IC50 means the inhibitory dose that reduces response of an organism by 50%.
18、SC represents the maximum concentration of a potential toxicant that is harmless to organisms after long-term exposure of at least one generation.
19、MATC refers to the maximum allowable toxicant concentration.
20、A toxicant may be extremely toxic if swallowed (oral exposure) but have low toxicity if inhaled (respiratory exposure) or applied to the skin (topical exposure).
Chapter 6单元作业
1、How to define the ecotoxicology and its extension?
2、Can you give us some toxicant behaviour phenomenon which accumulated and transferred in plant or animal, for example?
3、Briefly summarize the elementary method about bioassays of toxicology. For example.
4、Give the ecological risk assessment of toxicant in living organism through vivid public crisis which happens at times around us.
