中国大学英文科技论文写作课后答案(mooc2023课后作业答案)
21 min read中国大学英文科技论文写作课后答案(mooc2023课后作业答案)
Unit 1 Quiz
1、中国作业Which of the following titles is 大学答案答案suitable for a research paper? with the key words “nuclear power”and “safety”
A、Profitable Nuclear Power Generation
B、英文International views on nuclear safety
C、科技课后课后Safety evaluation of spent fuel road transportation based on weighted nearest neighbor method
D、论文The写作 International Safety Framework for nuclear power source applications in outer space—Useful and substantial guidance
2、Which of the following titles is 中国作业suitable for a research paper? with the key words “unmanned air vehicle” and “ engine”
A、Design,大学答案答案 build and test an?unmanned?air?vehicle
B、Improved efficiency of an unmanned air vehicle IC engine using computational modelling and experimental verification
C、英文Unmanned air vehicles under external impact
D、科技课后课后Engine-integrated solid oxide fuel cells for efficient electrical power generation on aircraft
3、论文What principles are supposed to be taken into account when writing a scientific and technical paper?写作 You can choose more than one answer.
A、Clear purpose
B、中国作业Single focus
C、大学答案答案Logical organization
D、英文Clear point of view
E、Sufficient and relevant support
F、Target readers
G、Reader engagement
4、What are the characteristics of a good research topic? You can choose more than one answer.
A、Not with a simple answer
B、Based on an arguable assumption
C、Opinion-based
D、Research-worthy
E、Feasible or researchable
F、Narrow scope
5、Is the following research topic effective? " Is nuclear power a promising energy source?"
6、Is the following research topic effective? “Why is nuclear power a more promising energy source than solar power?”
7、Is the following research topic effective? “How safe is nuclear power?”
8、According to what you have watched, complete the following sentence. A good research paper title often involves the following characteristics, predicting the ______________, arousing interest, reflecting __________ of writing and containing ______ _______.
Unit 1 Characteristics of a Good Research Paper Title 1
1、Building customers' trust in the ridesharing platform with institutional mechanisms: An empirical study in China
2、Economic and environmental impacts of providing renewable energy for electric vehicle charging – A choice experiment study
3、Rethinking Liability and Licensing for Doctors in the Era of AI: Insights from Company Law
4、A Comparative study of different functionalized graphene-nanoplatelet aqueous nanofluids for solar energy applications
Unit 1 Characteristics of a Good Research Paper Title 2
1、Experimental parametric study of membrane distillation unit using solar energy
2、A Critical Review for Developing Accurate and Dynamic Predictive Models Using Machine Learning Methods in Medicine and Health Care
3、Thermodynamic analysis of a solid oxide fuel cell jet hybrid engine for long-endurance unmanned air vehicles
2. Giving Definitions & Describing Figures and Tables
Unit 2 Definition Quiz
1、Tertiary education may be d________ _______ the period of study which is spent at university.
2、Unbalanced Force r________ _______ the sum total or net force exerted on an object.
3、Acceleration relates to motion. It m________ a change in motion.
4、The force that pushes a rocket upward is c________ thrust.
5、Assertiveness is v________ _______ a skill of being able to stand up for your own or other people's rights in a calm and positive way, without being either aggressive, or passively accepting 'wrong'.
6、Water i________ a liquid made up of molecules of hydrogen and oxygen in the ratio of 2 to 1.
Unit 2 Description of Figures Quiz
1、The number of private cars increased ______ 60% from 2015 to 2016.
2、These causes affected different regions differently in the 1990s, ______ Europe having as much as 9.8% of degradation due to deforestation.
3、Coal is predicted to increase steadily to 31q in 2030, whereas gas will remain stable ______ 25q.
4、Manufacturing value added amounted ______12.3% of total U.S. gross domestic product (GDP) in 2012, according to United Nations calculations.
5、Chinese manufacturing value added accounted ______ 30.6% of its economy’s total output in 2012, according to the UN.
6、Japan ranked third ______ manufacturing value added at $1.1 trillion (see Figure 1).
7、About 4.2% of the 1,120 respondents were younger than 20 years, and 26.7% were ______ 21 and 30 years old.
8、______ all the respondents, 67.1% were married and 32.9% were single.
Unit 2 Captions for Charts and Tables
1、
2、
3、
4、
3. Using citations & Describing Processes and Procedures
Unit 3 Citation Quiz 1
1、A citation gives the s____ where the information or idea is from.
2、An in-text citation usually includes information about the author and the p____ year.
3、To avoid plagiarism, using citations is the best way to give c____ to the original author.
4、The publication details of the references listed at the end of the paper usually are put in a____ order.
5、P____ is the practice of using or copying someone else's idea or work and pretending that you thought of it or created it.
Unit 3 Citation Quiz 2
1、Citations are not necessary if the source is not clear.
2、Unintentional plagiarism can be excused.
3、Citing will make our writing less original.
4、Citing can effectively stress the originality of someone’s work.
5、Each citation can only have one particular citing purpose.
6、Compared with in-text citations, the end-of-text references are more detailed.
7、In-text citations provide the abbreviation of an author’s given/first name rather than family/last name.
8、When the Chinese writers’ ideas are cited, the first names in Pinyin will be given in in-text citations.
Unit 3 Read the following paragraphs and point out the key elements (input, tool, operation and output) of each process.
1、1) Milling is carried out on a machine tool called a “milling machine” that is used for the shaping of metal and other solid materials. 2) Casting is a manufacturing process by which a liquid material is poured into a mold containing a cavity of the desired shape, and then allowed to solidify. 3) Stamping is a metal working process in which sheet metal is formed into a desired shape by pressing or punching it on a machine press. 4) With current technology, the most effective method of CO ? capture from the flue gas of a PC plant is by chemical reaction with an organic solvent such as monoethanolamine (MEA), one of a family of amine compounds. In a vessel called an absorber, the flue gas is “scrubbed” with an amine solution, typically capturing 85% to 90% of the CO ?. The CO ? -laden solvent is then pumped to a second vessel, called a regenerator, where heat is applied (in the form of steam) to release the CO ?. The resulting stream of concentrated CO ? is then compressed and piped to a storage site, while the depleted solvent is recycled back to the absorber.
4. Using Hedges & Explaining Laws/Principles
Unit 4 Hedging Quiz 1-Decide whether the following sentences are considered to be academically competent by using hedged expressions.
1、Escherichia coli, when found in conjunction with urethritis, often indicate infection higher in the uro-genital tract.
2、The 'management' of danger is also not the sort of language to appear within policy documents that refer to GRT children, which reflects systematic failures in schools.
3、Conceivably, different forms, changing at different rates and showing contrasting combinations of characteristics, were present in different areas.
4、Viewing a movie in which alcohol is portrayed appears to lead to higher total alcohol consumption of young people while watching the movie.
5、Furthermore, this proves that humans are wired to imitate.
6、One possibility is that generalized latent inhibition is likely to be weaker than that produced by pre-exposure to the CS itself and thus is more likely to be susceptible to the effect of the long interval.
7、It is unquestionable that our survey proved that the portrayal of alcohol and drinking characters in movies directly leads to more alcohol consumption in young adult male viewers when alcohol is available within the situation.
8、Implications of these findings may be that, if moderation of alcohol consumption in certain groups is strived for, it may be sensible to cut down on the portrayal of alcohol in programmes aimed at these groups and the commercials shown in between.
9、This effect might occur regardless of whether it concerns a real-life interaction.
10、It definitely proves that a movie in which a lot of partying is involved triggers a social process between two participants that affects total drinking amounts.
Unit 4 Hedging Quiz 2-Decide which of the words and phrases in the sentences below express signs of caution, vagueness or playing down of claims.
1、It is believed that alcohol related health problems are on the rise.
A、believed
B、related
C、rise
D、problems
2、Drinking to excess, or 'binge drinking' is often the cause of inappropriate behaviour amongst teenagers.
A、Drinking
B、excess
C、often
D、inappropriate
3、It seems as though the experiment conducted simply confirms suspicions held by the academic and medical professions.
A、seems
B、conducted
C、confirms
D、held
4、However, attrition was greatest among the heaviest drinking segment of the sample, suggesting under-estimation in the findings, and although the study provided associational, prospective evidence on alcohol advertising effects on youth drinking, it addressed limitations of other research, particularly the unreliability of exposure measures based on self-reporting (Synder and Slater, 2006).
A、However
B、suggesting
C、limitations
D、particularly
5、These differences may be due to the fact participants reporting higher consumption levels were primed to overrate their weekly drinking by the condition they were in.
A、reporting
B、overrate
C、fact
D、may
6、The crack tends to grow into the more brittle material and then stay in there, whether the initial crack tip lies in the graded material or in the more ductile material (and thereafter advances across the graded layer.
A、tends
B、whether
C、thereafter
D、lies in
7、It seems likely that the details of the predictions depend on the assumed variations of the toughness parameter and the yield stress.
A、It seems likely that
B、the details of the predictions
C、depend on the assumed variations
D、of the toughest parameter and the yield stress
8、If a real physical system shows a variation of both material properties across the graded layer, the assumed linear variation may not give the best approximation.
A、shows
B、assumed
C、may
D、approximation
9、The idea of 'community' in terms of GRT lives is very strong and could be seen to correspond to some of the nostalgic constructs that non-GRT groups place on 'community'.
A、The idea of 'community' in terms of GRT lives
B、could be seen
C、to correspond to some of the nostalgic constructs
D、that non-GRT groups place on 'community'
10、This scatter can be attributed to the difficulties in measuring the dent depth due to specimen processing.
A、This scatter
B、can be attributed
C、to the difficulties in measuring the dent depth
D、due to specimen processing
Unit 4 Hedging--Reformulate the following text, using the hedges below.
1、Reformulate the following text, using the hedges below. The hedges have been ordered in the same order as they should appear in the text. estimate, probably, if not…; likely, experts claim, presumably, may, most probably, apparently In Germany, the number of job openings for engineers will continue to grow rapidly in the next few years. The gap between the number of such positions and the number of engineers available will widen. This problem must be addressed soon; otherwise, the German economy will stagnate. There are several reasons for this shortage. One of them is the declining population due to the lowest birth rate in Europe. Another is the rising demand for transportation and energy technology. The demand for engineers will increase as we move towards an all-electric society. More companies will simply need more engines. (Based on information from IEEE Spectrum, September 2011, p. 15)
5. Writing Proposals & Reports
Unit 5 Quiz 1 Proposals
1、Which can be the situations for writing a research proposal?
A、Applying for some research funds or grants
B、Applying for an opportunity for a project
C、Applying for a bachelor’s, or master’s or doctor’s degree
D、Reporting the results of a research project
2、Who are usually the readers of the research proposals?
A、Professionals
B、Specialists
C、Supervisors for the students
D、Professors
3、What are the elements to make the research proposal persuasive?
A、The importance and necessity of the research question
B、Detailed explanation of the research method
C、Expected research results
D、A Capable research team
E、Clear Schedule
F、Reasonable budget
4、What are the language features of the research proposal?
A、Future tense
B、Past tense
C、First person
D、Third person
5、The purpose of writing a proposal is to ________________ the readers that the research plan is feasible and we are capable to do it.
Unit 5 Quiz 2 Reports
1、What information are supposed to be in the introduction section in the report?
A、Background
B、Summary of the results and conclusion
C、The purpose of the research
D、The research method
2、Discussion section __________ and evaluates the findings of the research.
3、Conclusion and recommendation section states the significance of the findings and usually includes possible directions for _________________.
Unit 5 Proposals & Reports
1、What are the structural components of a proposal?
2、1. What section should the following information belong to in the report? a. Why was the research done b. How was it done c. What were the findings of the research d. What do the findings show or indicate e. What can be learnt from the research
3、What are the structural components of a research report?
6. Writing Literature Reviews & Research Papers
Unit 6 Quiz
1、As for the purposes of a literature review, which one is not included?
A、summarizing the scholarly sources
B、synthesizing the scholarly sources
C、interpreting and critically evaluating the literature
D、predicting the trend in relation to a central research question or hypothesis
2、A literature review could be possibly presented as a/an ______.
A、part of an introduction
B、individual section of a research paper
C、stand-alone paper
D、all of the above
3、The heading “Brief review of literature: drawing a timeline from 2005 to 2017” shows the literature review is arranged in ______ order.
A、methodological
B、thematic
C、chronological
D、random
4、About writing a literature review, which of the following statements is not correct?
A、It’s necessary to mention both strengths and weaknesses of the previous work.
B、Citations are frequently observed in literature review.
C、To show respect to others’ work, our own interpretations should not be included.
D、Different sources of information should be combined into a whole and presented logically.
5、In terms of the writing feature, a research paper resembles a/an______.
A、exposition
B、argumentation
C、narration
D、description
Unit 6 What are the four necessary components of a research paper?
1、What are the four necessary components of a research paper?
2、What are the differences between a research paper and a report?
7. Writing an Abstract
Unit 7 Quiz—Identify the function of each sentence in the sample abstract
1、The speed of sound in a fluid is determined by, and therefore an indicator of, the thermodynamic properties of that fluid. In this sentence, the writer presents
A、Implication
B、Methodology
C、Background factual information
D、Methodology
2、The aim of this study was to investigate the use of an ultrasonic cell to determine crude oil properties, in particular oil density. In this sentence, the writer presents
A、Implication
B、Methodology
C、Background factual information
D、Research aim
3、An ultrasonic cell was constructed to measure the speed of sound and tested in a crude oil sample. The speed of sound was measured at temperatures between 260 and 411 K at pressures up to 75 MPs. In this sentence, the writer presents
A、Methodology
B、Results and achievement
C、Research aim
D、Implication
4、The measurements were shown to lead to an accurate determination of the bubble point of the oil. In this sentence, the writer presents
A、Implication
B、Research aim
C、Results and achievement
D、Methodology
5、This indicates that there is a possibility of obtaining fluid density from sound speed measurements and suggests that it is possible to measure sound absorption with an ultrasonic cell to determine oil viscosity. In this sentence, the writer presents
A、Implication
B、Research aim
C、Methodology
D、Results and achievement
Unit 7- Rearrange the sentences in the correct order.
1、Imagine that you and your team have designed a machine which can remove chewing gum from floors and pavements by treating the gum chemically to transform it into powder and then using vacuum suction to remove it. The following sentences are from the abstract of your research. Please rearrange the sentences in the correct order. 1 A machine, GumGone, was designed and constructed, which injected non-ionic detergent into gum deposits using a power spray and then immediately vacuumed the resulting powder. 2 The fats and resins in chewing gum contribute to elasticity, bulk and texture but also increase staining. 3 Performance was superior to existing systems and suggests that the delay between treatment and removal is a significant factor in staining. 4 The aim of this study was to design a gum removal machine able to remove gum chemically with no stain residue. 5 It was found that 1 μl of detergent achieved effective, stain-free removal over a 300 square meters area.
8. Writing an Introduction
Unit 8 Quiz 1
1、Choose the proper answers for the following questions. Ways to organize the references include:
A、a. Chronological order of publications
B、b. Research methods
C、c. Research theories
D、d. Research modes
2、What are the possible contents of an introduction?
A、Reviewing the existing literature relevant to the present study
B、Announcing the purpose/focus of the study
C、Identifying a gap in the existing literature
D、Explaining the significance or necessity of the research
3、Decide whether the following statement is true or false. a. It is possible to find tables or diagrams in introduction.
4、Decide whether the following statement is true or false. b. Both introduction and abstract include research findings.
5、Decide whether the following statement is true or false. c. Introduction includes more detailed information than abstract.
6、Fill in the blank (The initial letter is given). The purposes of the introduction are to s___________the research problem and demonstrate the necessity and significance of the study.
Unit 8 Quiz 2
1、In the coming years, the PV sector will continue to play an important role in the global transition from a fossil-based energy system to a renewable and sustainable one.
A、A. Explaining the significance or necessity of the research
B、B. Reviewing the existing literature relevant to the present study
C、C. Identifying a gap in the existing literature
D、D. Announcing the purpose/focus of the study
E、E. Outlining the paper structure
2、There are several groups which have analyzed the performance and yield of PV systems with a systematic approach that focuses on the specific yield and performance ratio of these systems.
A、A. Explaining the significance or necessity of the research
B、B. Reviewing the existing literature relevant to the present study
C、C. Identifying a gap in the existing literature
D、D. Announcing the purpose/focus of the study
E、E. Outlining the paper structure
3、This paper presents a yield evaluation of 23,944 roof-top PV systems in Germany over a seven-year period from 2012 to 2018.
A、A. Explaining the significance or necessity of the research
B、B. Reviewing the existing literature relevant to the present study
C、C. Identifying a gap in the existing literature
D、D. Announcing the purpose/focus of the study
E、E. Outlining the paper structure
4、First, the analytical methods used are presented in Section 2. Then, the results of the data analysis and evaluation are shown in Section 3. Finally, the results in Section 4 are critically questioned and evaluated. The conclusion is presented in Section 5.
A、A. Explaining the significance or necessity of the research
B、B. Reviewing the existing literature relevant to the present study
C、C. Identifying a gap in the existing literature
D、D. Announcing the purpose/focus of the study
E、E. Outlining the paper structure
5、In this present work, we fabricated rGO wrapped α-MoO3 nanoplates through direct precipitation followed by a post-annealing method.
A、A. Explaining the significance or necessity of the research
B、B. Reviewing the existing literature relevant to the present study
C、C. Identifying a gap in the existing literature
D、D. Announcing the purpose/focus of the study
E、E. Outlining the paper structure
6、To enhance the photocatalytic activity, numerous investigation has been conducted to delay the electron-hole recombination by coupling or doping with noble metals, non-metals and semiconductors.
A、A. Explaining the significance or necessity of the research
B、B. Reviewing the existing literature relevant to the present study
C、C. Identifying a gap in the existing literature
D、D. Announcing the purpose/focus of the study
E、E. Outlining the paper structure
7、Tubular daylight guidance systems are now being widely installed in various types of buildings to deliver solar light into spaces with insufficient conventional glazing.
A、A. Explaining the significance or necessity of the research
B、B. Reviewing the existing literature relevant to the present study
C、C. Identifying a gap in the existing literature
D、D. Announcing the purpose/focus of the study
E、E. Outlining the paper structure
8、Some mathematical models or design tools have been proposed for this purpose.
A、A. Explaining the significance or necessity of the research
B、B. Reviewing the existing literature relevant to the present study
C、C. Identifying a gap in the existing literature
D、D. Announcing the purpose/focus of the study
E、E. Outlining the paper structure
9、Therefore, the aim of this paper is to present an improvement of the previous calculation tool under the overcast conditions and to offer a new analytic formula for the pipe's optical efficiency which provides better results than the obviously used standard CIE formula.
A、A. Explaining the significance or necessity of the research
B、B. Reviewing the existing literature relevant to the present study
C、C. Identifying a gap in the existing literature
D、D. Announcing the purpose/focus of the study
E、E. Outlining the paper structure
10、However, few have been reported on the precursor films generated by sputtering a CIG target.
A、A. Explaining the significance or necessity of the research
B、B. Reviewing the existing literature relevant to the present study
C、C. Identifying a gap in the existing literature
D、D. Announcing the purpose/focus of the study
E、E. Outlining the paper structure
11、In this paper we develop a model for trajectory planning of air vehicle.
A、A. Explaining the significance or necessity of the research
B、B. Reviewing the existing literature relevant to the present study
C、C. Identifying a gap in the existing literature
D、D. Announcing the purpose/focus of the study
E、E. Outlining the paper structure
12、The paper is organized as follows.
A、A. Explaining the significance or necessity of the research
B、B. Reviewing the existing literature relevant to the present study
C、C. Identifying a gap in the existing literature
D、D. Announcing the purpose/focus of the study
E、E. Outlining the paper structure
13、For all problems described above, the goal is to find a trajectory (a flight path) such that the mission success is as large as possible.
A、A. Explaining the significance or necessity of the research
B、B. Reviewing the existing literature relevant to the present study
C、C. Identifying a gap in the existing literature
D、D. Announcing the purpose/focus of the study
E、E. Outlining the paper structure
14、To obtain representative simulations, accurate models should be developed. Therefore, the validation of an accurate compact model of the nonlinear I–V characteristics of PV modules is essential to design efficient photo-voltaic harvester systems.
A、A. Explaining the significance or necessity of the research
B、B. Reviewing the existing literature relevant to the present study
C、C. Identifying a gap in the existing literature
D、D. Announcing the purpose/focus of the study
E、E. Outlining the paper structure
15、Unfortunately, they do not use circuit simulations to optimize system design and to improve harvester circuit efficiency.
A、A. Explaining the significance or necessity of the research
B、B. Reviewing the existing literature relevant to the present study
C、C. Identifying a gap in the existing literature
D、D. Announcing the purpose/focus of the study
E、E. Outlining the paper structure
Unit 8 Homework
1、1. Put each of the following sentences in the proper place of the Introduction. A. The photovoltaic (PV) harvesting circuits proposed for WSN applications adopt different solutions. B. The development of perpetually powered systems avoiding periodical battery replacement and/or recharge is one of the ultimate goals in sensor network design. C. Unfortunately, they do not use circuit simulations to optimize system design and to improve harvester circuit efficiency. D. This paper is organized as follows. E. Therefore, the validation of an accurate compact model of the nonlinear I–V characteristics of PV modules is essential to design efficient photo-voltaic harvester systems. I. INTRODUCTION (1)_____________________________. Indeed, even if advances in low-power design can help extend the battery lifetime, the amount of energy provided by storage devices still constrains the autonomy of distributed embedded systems, such as wireless sensor networks (WSNs). Maximum power point tracking (MPPT) techniques are very common in the world of large-scale solar cells. The extra energy that is consumed by the maximum power point (MPP) tracker is easily offset by the much higher amount of energy that can be harvested from the environment. Sensor nodes are often required to be small, and therefore, they are powered by small solar cells that generate limited energy. For those cells, the gain in input energy is not always higher than the additional losses that are caused by the MPP tracking operation. The energy consumption and efficiency of the MPP tracker are, therefore, very important design criteria in energy scavengers for sensor nodes. The optimization of the energy harvesting process under varying light irradiance conditions is certainly one of the major design challenges. In particular, maximizing harvester circuit efficiency becomes fundamental at low light irradiance. (2)_________________________________ [1]–[5]. In [1] and [2], the direct connection between the PV panel and the energy storage element, i.e., a supercapacitor (SC), does not implement MPPT strategies, forcing the PV operating point to the SC voltage VSC. On the contrary, the Everlast harvester system exploits a microcontroller to track MPP under varying light conditions [5]. (3)__________________________________________. The definition of a clear design flow is fundamental to develop circuit solutions with optimized efficiency and better performances. This requires circuit simulations of the complete solar harvester system, which have been proposed for largescale PV systems [6]–[8], [16]–[18], but are also highly desirable for low-power harvester circuits for WSNs. To obtain representative simulations, accurate models should be developed. (4)__________________________________. In this scenario, this paper presents a compact model for the PV module, allowing to reproduce its I–V characteristics without numerical approaches typically adopted [9]–[11]. This permits to improve the design process of the dc–dc converter at the solar harvester input stage, typically required to match the PV module input impedance and according to SC voltage limits. Simplified models of the dc–dc converter and MPPT analog circuits are fundamental to improve system performances and to reduce the system design time. Using the models and the methodology described in this paper, we optimize a solar harvester operating under different light irradiance conditions. (5)______________________________. Section II provides a brief overview on the circuit architecture and MPPT technique adopted. Sections III and IV describe models of the PV module and the harvester circuit, respectively. Section V describes the circuit optimization methodology and provides some useful guidelines for solar harvester design. Section VI presents experimental results and a comparison between two different solar harvester circuit implementations designed following the proposed guidelines. Finally, Section VII concludes this paper.
2、1. Rearrange the order of the following paragraphs to make a coherent and logical research article introduction. A. The current study aims to find the optimal design parameters of RDM when high optical efficiency and stable irradiance distribution are both achieved for effective PV layout design. To reach this target, Ant Colony Optimization (ACO) algorithm combined with dynamic source-target mapping was adopted to find suitable aiming vectors of modular reflectors. The optical transmission characteristics were investigated under different incident degrees using a two-step MonteCarlo ray tracing (MCRT) method. Afterwards the optimized results and sensitivity analysis for RDM would be undertook. This article will provide basic data and reference for engineering constructions of SPSALPHA in next step. B. Global warming is now almost universally accepted as a serious problem caused by human activity – mainly burning fossil fuels – that demands strong remedial action as soon as possible. Solar energy is among the most competitive alternative resource to change the status (Zhang et al., 2013). Solar tower has been recognized as the most widespread and typical solar power station (Franchini et al., 2013). However, it faces limitation because of low energy density on ground and output fluctuation in the day/night and weather conditions. Solar power satellite (SPS) can collect the solar radiation and convert to the electricity in space and then transmit it to the earth by microwave energy (Mankins, 2012). Potential advantages of collecting solar energy in space include a higher collection rate and a longer collection period due to the lack of a diffusing atmosphere, and the possibility of placing a solar collector in an orbiting location where there is no night (Mankins, 2017). The solar irradiance in space reaches as high as 1353 W/m2 . In addition, the receiving station on ground would be flexibly arranged according to the real-time requirements. C. The transmission of concentrated solar radiation as the key link that bonds the connections for integrated multi-field optimizations, provides an important reference for the layout design of receiving CPV modules. Optical transmission of SPS-ALPHA is similar with Solar Tower, for which thousands of RDM are corresponding to heliostats. The differences, however, lie in the blocking shadow effect and cosine effect of ray path in SPS-ALPHA that make the optical efficiency fluctuate with tracking angles. D. With the fast efficiency improvement and cost reduction of solar cells (Green et al., 2018), Concentrated Photovoltaic (CPV) has become particularly pertinent for SPS which is cheaper, lighter and simpler compared with solar thermodynamic using large thermal engine. Several SPS concepts based on CPV design had been proposed before, famous ones including Integrated Symmetrical Concentrator (Feingold and Carrington, 2003), Abacus Reflector configuration (Mankins, 1997), Sun Tower (Mankins, 1997), Symmetrical Two-stage Flat Reflected Concentrator (Meng et al., 2013), JAXA Reference System (Moriet al., 2006), and the new emerging SPS-OMEGA (Yang et al., 2016), CASSIOPeiA (Cash, 2019), etc … E. A novel CPV concept, SPS-ALPHA, is to form an exceptionally large space platform from an extremely large number of small, high modular elements, where only a small number of types of modules are used. As can be seen in Fig. 1, SPS-ALPHA adopts axisymmetric sigmoid curvebased or cocktail shape as the entire structure (Mankins, 2017) formed by several thousands of “Reflectors and Deployment Modules” (Mankins, 2012) (RDM), which are large, light (lower than 100–300 kg) and thin-film hexagon reflectors jointed by six triangular modules. The modular reflecting elements are in combined in various ways to comprise a number of functional assemblies. Modular “Push-Me/Pull-You”Robot (MPPR) arms are flexibly control the aiming vectors of modular reflectors. After the vector adjustments, the original design, as Fig. 1 shows, is changed into unsmooth surface based on a cocktail glass structure, which will be introduced later in this article. 1._____ 2.______ 3.______ 4.＿＿＿ ５．＿＿＿
9．Writing a Materials and Methods Section
Unit 9 Quiz--Read the following passage and fill in the blanks with proper words to complete the sentences. The initial letter of each word is given as follows.
1、Seven Tips for Writing an Effective Materials and Methods Section in Your Research Manuscript 1. Begin writing the Materials and Methods w_____ you are performing your experiments. Writing during the research process will prevent you from forgetting important details and save you time when you begin writing the full manuscript. You can also ask co-authors who performed specific experiments to write the corresponding parts of the Methods section.
2、2. Start with general information that applies to the entire manuscript and then move on to s_____ experimental details. Examples of general information that you could begin with are characteristics of the study population, sources and genotypes of bacterial strains, or descriptions of samples or sample sites. Then, you could share more details about your experiment.
3、3. Match the order in which methods are described to the order of the r_____ that were generated using those methods. The results section is expected to correspond with the methods section. Also, be sure that each method you used is described, even if it is just a quick sentence. This practice is helpful for transparency, as well as reproducibility.
4、4. Always include c_____ for procedures that have been described previously. If the writer used some statistical method, references may be included as well for the sake of readers. If you made any modifications, be sure to list them.
5、5. Describe statistical tests as f_____ as possible. Give as much information about the tests as possible; just mentioning a t-test is not sufficient for the reader to determine if the correct statistical analysis was performed. 6. Avoid discussing the pros and cons of certain methods or results of any kind. Save evaluations for different methods for the Discussion section of your paper. 7. To save space, be concise, yet thorough, when listing the equipment you used.
Unit 9 What are the key elements supposedly included in a Materials and Methods section?
1、List five key elements supposedly included in a Materials and Methods section.
10. Writing a Results Section
Unit 10 Quiz
1、Please read the following sentences in Results section and tell the function of them. 1. “Cadmium caused inhibition of roots and leaves elongation particularly with increasing effects at higher exposure doses.”
A、overall summary of key results
B、detailed presentation of key results
C、revisiting research methodology/methodologies
D、comparisons with results in other research
2、Please read the following sentences in Results section and tell the function of them. 2. “Results on the bio-accumulation of cadmium were found to be the highest (17.5 mg kgG1) in the bulb, when the concentration of cadmium in the solution was 1×10G2 M and lowest (0.11 mg kgG1) in the leaves when the concentration was 1×10G3 M.”
A、overall summary of key results
B、detailed presentation of key results
C、revisiting research methodology/methodologies
D、comparisons with results in other research
3、Please read the following sentences in Results section and tell the function of them. 3. “Similar to Smith [1990], one of the findings of this study is the strong correlation between motivation and academic achievement....”
A、overall summary of key results
B、detailed presentation of key results
C、revisiting research methodology/methodologies
D、comparisons with results in other research
4、Please read the following sentences in Results section and tell the function of them. 4. “A Paired t-test was used to compare mean flight duration before and after applying stablizers to the glider’s wings.”
A、overall summary of key results
B、detailed presentation of key results
C、revisiting research methodology/methodologies
D、comparisons with results in other research
5、Please read the following sentences in Results section and tell the function of them. 5. “Comparisons among the three pH treatment groups for each variable were done using one way ANOVA (with Tukey’s post hoc test) or a Kruskal-Wallis Test (with Dunn’s post hoc test).”
A、overall summary of key results
B、detailed presentation of key results
C、revisiting research methodology/methodologies
D、comparisons with results in other research
6、Complete the following statements about Results section with proper words. The initial letter is given for reference. 6. The results section of the research paper is where you report the f_____ of your study based upon the information gathered as a result of the methodology [or methodologies] you applied.
7、Complete the following statements about Results section with proper words. The initial letter is given for reference. 7. The results section should simply state the findings, and be arranged in a logical sequence and r_____-friendly.
8、Complete the following statements about Results section with proper words. The initial letter is given for reference. 8. S_____ of the statistical analyses may appear either in the text or in the relevant Tables or Figures.
9、Complete the following statements about Results section with proper words. The initial letter is given for reference. 9. The text of the Results section should be crafted to highlight the evidence needed to answer the questions/h_____you investigated.
10、Complete the following statements about Results section with proper words. The initial letter is given for reference. 10. The results section should usually be written in the p_____ tense.
Unit 10-Compare two sample results sections.
1、Read and compare these excerpts from the results sections of two biology reports written about the same experiment. Which do you think is the better example of a properly written results section? And why?
11. Writing a Discussion
Unit 11 Quiz 1
1、Which moves does a discussion section include?
A、Revisiting previous sections or key results
B、Mapping (relationship to existing research)
C、Achievements/Contributions & Implications
D、Limitations , Future work & Applications
2、Which previous section may you revisit in your discussion section?
A、Introduction
B、Methods
C、Results
D、Abstract
3、1. Your limitation is not expressed as a problem with your work, rather it provides s_________ for future work.
Unit 11 Quiz 2 Match the functions with the sentences from the paper “Pediatric Sleep Disorders: Validation of the Sleep Disorders Inventory for Students”.
1、1. With regard to the sampling, there were a limited number of students in the 15- to 18-year age range because fewer referrals of this age group were made to sleep centers and psychologists. There were a limited number of participants from the hospital samples who were diagnosed with ARC, DSPS, or RLS in this initial study, necessitating further validation studies with larger sample sizes. Furthermore, the recent changes in diagnostic criteria for OSAS and PLMD in children require further validation studies with larger sample sizes using these new hospital diagnostic criteria.
A、Revisiting previous sections or key results
B、Relating the study results to those of existing research
C、Specifying Achievements/Contributions & Implications
D、Identifying Limitations/ Suggesting Future work & Applications
2、2. Additional validation studies on the SDIS are advised now that parent instructions have been expanded. Sleep specialists may have found a more valid and reliable method of measuring PLMD, and these specialists also have reached a broader consensus of the criteria for diagnosing OSAS. These validity studies should include larger sample sizes of all age ranges, especially older students, more Spanish-speaking participants, and larger samples of NARC-, DSPS-, and PLMD/RLS-diagnosed cases.
A、Revisiting previous sections or key results
B、Relating the study results to those of existing research
C、Specifying Achievements/Contributions & Implications
D、Identifying Limitations /Suggesting Future work & Applications
3、3. As a result, the SDIS-C and -A were accurate in predicting that a child had no sleep disorder or a significant sleep disorder needing a comprehensive sleep evaluation. They were moderately accurate in predicting the exact type of sleep disorder because some sleep disorders share a few common characteristics.
A、Revisiting previous sections or key results
B、Relating the study results to those of existing research
C、Specifying Achievements/Contributions & Implications
D、Identifying Limitations /Suggesting Future work & Applications
4、4. The purpose of this study was to develop and validate the SDIS, the only comprehensive sleep screening instrument available for use by all pediatric professionals to help identify five major sleep disorders in children and adolescents that significantly impair their achievement, behaviors, and/or cognitive functioning. The SDIS was developed with the assistance of many leading pediatric sleep specialists.
A、Revisiting previous sections or key results
B、Relating the study results to those of existing research
C、Specifying Achievements/Contributions & Implications
D、Identifying Limitations /Suggesting Future work & Applications
5、5. Furthermore, many pediatric sleep specialists presently believe that a one-night PSG study is missing some of the PLMD cases because of nightly inconsistencies in limb movements. Sleep clinics are gradually switching to use of actigraphy, which is a watch-like instrument worn on the leg that measures limb movements over multiple nights and is conducted at home. As a result, some of the hospital sleep studies done at the time of this study may have missed some of the OSAS and PLMD cases that the SDIS-C may have predicted, lowering the validity estimates of the SDIS-C.
A、Revisiting previous sections or key results
B、Relating the study results to those of existing research
C、Specifying Achievements/Contributions & Implications
D、Identifying Limitations /Suggesting Future work & Applications
6、6. Considering the high rate of sleep problems or disorders in at-risk populations, if the SDIS continues to demonstrate good reliability and validity on further validation studies, it would be expedient to use it as a comprehensive screening instrument for children and adolescents reporting sleep problems, learning or behavior problems, EDS, ADHD, frequent tardiness or truancy, obesity, or when parents are concerned about their child’s sleep habits.
A、Revisiting previous sections or key results
B、Relating the study results to those of existing research
C、Specifying Achievements/Contributions & Implications
D、Identifying Limitations /Suggesting Future work & Applications
Unit 11 Homework
1、Rearrange the order of the following paragraphs to make a coherent and effective discussion section. Discussion A. The strength of the present analysis is the use of valid and reliable psychometric measurements for data collection, especially the measurement of anxiety and depression. Furthermore, the large sample size and the recruitment from a general population in selected urban areas strengthen the analysis. Additionally, SES was available comprehensively from all participants, with only a few missing values. B. The analysis is limited, however, because of pooling information from two temporally different surveys. Socioeconomic characteristics were collected from Phase 1 and all other data were taken from Phase 2, conducted 2 years later from the same participants. SES was not resampled in Phase 2 because the data were already available and it is assumed that SES is stable over 2 years. Therefore, we do not think that hereby, the results were influenced strongly. Additionally, the QUEBEB study was not designed for the present analysis and therefore other sleep-influencing characteristics, such as noise exposure, individual physical activity, nutrition or substance abuse, were not included. Finally, mainly urban populations were selected. Therefore, the results focus on urban populations but, nevertheless, allow an interpretation of sleep quality and its dependencies in general. C. The present analysis examined the association of SES with sleep quality adjusted for a wide range of socio-demographical, physical and psychological characteristics among a sample of German adults living in urban areas. The regression analysis demonstrated that higher SES predicted good sleep quality. Other previous studies that have found higher socioeconomic factors to be associated with better sleep quality support the presented research. In addition, Soltani et al. and Mezick et al. showed associations between low socioeconomic factors and high PSQI scores (i.e. low sleep quality). D. A strong association between mental health and sleep is also reported by several studies; an association between insomnia symptoms and poor mental health was observed in a Japanese study. Another analysis showed that 77% of study participants with current depression and 45% of participants with a history of depression reported poor sleep quality on the PSQI in comparison with 15% of control subjects. This result explains the overlapping effect of sleep quality and anxiety/depression. In contrast, a study of twins and siblings reported that the correlations between sleep problems measured by the PSQI and symptoms of anxiety and depression were only moderate and that other factors took a more important role. E. The association in the present analysis persisted but attenuated after adjusting for other factors, especially for mental and health status. The adjusted OR for SES on sleep quality decreases, if named factors were included in the binary logistic regression model. The strongest confounding effect is caused by anxiety and depression as additional variables in the regression model: anxiety and depression, as well as physical diseases, are more frequent in persons with a low SES than in those with a medium or high SES. Simple and multiple regression analyses showed a partial mediating effect for anxiety and depression in the relationship between SES and sleep quality. Therefore, mental disturbances, but also health status, are important factors in explaining sleep quality. F. Regarding physical health, poor sleep efficiency increases and longer sleep latency even almost doubles the risk of mortality in healthy elders. Similarly, Furihata et al. found an association between poor sleep quality and physical health. Furthermore, with increasing comorbidities, sleep quality decreases and the presence of depression rises. G. In addition, the logistic regression identified further determinants affecting sleep. According to the literature, a lower age and the male gender were factors associated with good sleep quality. We could also show that married people and people living in more suburban areas have better sleep quality than single or widowed persons or persons living in urban areas. H. For measuring SES, the Winkler Index was chosen. The index takes into account the different school graduations of the former Federal Republic of Germany and the German Democratic Republic. It is also aimed at addressing the complexity of the training system and all relevant German occupational titles. The formation of an index is constituted by the complexity and multidimensionality of social inequality structure, which is represented inadequately by single indicators. 1._______ 2._______ 3. _______ 4._______ 5._______ 6._______ 7. _______ 8._______
12. Writing a Conclusion
Unit 12 Quiz-Please rearrange the sentences in the conclusion.每个空只填写一个字母
1、A. The SHs, WS, and TP concentrations controlled the bloom dynamics during the dry season, among which the TP concentration was the most important factors, whereas the TN and TP concentrations were the primary factors during the rainy season. B. Interannual analysis revealed that the phytoplankton biomass increased with increases in air temperature and TP concentration, with TP concentration as the main contributing factor. C. The results of our study demonstrated that both meteorological factors and nutrient levels had important roles in controlling cyanobacterial bloom dynamics. D. All of these results suggest that both climate change regulation and eutrophication management should be considered in strategies aimed at controlling cyanobacterial blooms. E. In summary, we analyzed the effects of meteorological factors and nutrient levels on bloom dynamics in Lake Dianchi to represent the phytoplankton biomass. F. Further studies should assess the effects of climate change and eutrophication on cyanobacterial bloom dynamics based on data collected over a longer duration and more frequent and complete variables, and appropriate measures should be proposed to control these blooms. G. Decreasing nutrient levels, particularly the TP load should be initially considered during the entire period and during the dry season, and decreasing both the TN and TP loads should be considered during the rainy season. H. However, the relative importance of these factors may change according to precipitation patterns. 1. 2. B 3. A 4. G 5. 本题只填写1. 所对应的一个字母序号
2、A. The SHs, WS, and TP concentrations controlled the bloom dynamics during the dry season, among which the TP concentration was the most important factors, whereas the TN and TP concentrations were the primary factors during the rainy season. B. Interannual analysis revealed that the phytoplankton biomass increased with increases in air temperature and TP concentration, with TP concentration as the main contributing factor. C. The results of our study demonstrated that both meteorological factors and nutrient levels had important roles in controlling cyanobacterial bloom dynamics. D. All of these results suggest that both climate change regulation and eutrophication management should be considered in strategies aimed at controlling cyanobacterial blooms. E. In summary, we analyzed the effects of meteorological factors and nutrient levels on bloom dynamics in Lake Dianchi to represent the phytoplankton biomass. F. Further studies should assess the effects of climate change and eutrophication on cyanobacterial bloom dynamics based on data collected over a longer duration and more frequent and complete variables, and appropriate measures should be proposed to control these blooms. G. Decreasing nutrient levels, particularly the TP load should be initially considered during the entire period and during the dry season, and decreasing both the TN and TP loads should be considered during the rainy season. H. However, the relative importance of these factors may change according to precipitation patterns. 1. 2. B 3. A 4. G 5. 本题只填写2. 所对应的一个字母序号
3、A. The SHs, WS, and TP concentrations controlled the bloom dynamics during the dry season, among which the TP concentration was the most important factors, whereas the TN and TP concentrations were the primary factors during the rainy season. B. Interannual analysis revealed that the phytoplankton biomass increased with increases in air temperature and TP concentration, with TP concentration as the main contributing factor. C. The results of our study demonstrated that both meteorological factors and nutrient levels had important roles in controlling cyanobacterial bloom dynamics. D. All of these results suggest that both climate change regulation and eutrophication management should be considered in strategies aimed at controlling cyanobacterial blooms. E. In summary, we analyzed the effects of meteorological factors and nutrient levels on bloom dynamics in Lake Dianchi to represent the phytoplankton biomass. F. Further studies should assess the effects of climate change and eutrophication on cyanobacterial bloom dynamics based on data collected over a longer duration and more frequent and complete variables, and appropriate measures should be proposed to control these blooms. G. Decreasing nutrient levels, particularly the TP load should be initially considered during the entire period and during the dry season, and decreasing both the TN and TP loads should be considered during the rainy season. H. However, the relative importance of these factors may change according to precipitation patterns. 1. 2. B 3. A 4. G 5. 本题只填写3. 所对应的一个字母序号
4、A. The SHs, WS, and TP concentrations controlled the bloom dynamics during the dry season, among which the TP concentration was the most important factors, whereas the TN and TP concentrations were the primary factors during the rainy season. B. Interannual analysis revealed that the phytoplankton biomass increased with increases in air temperature and TP concentration, with TP concentration as the main contributing factor. C. The results of our study demonstrated that both meteorological factors and nutrient levels had important roles in controlling cyanobacterial bloom dynamics. D. All of these results suggest that both climate change regulation and eutrophication management should be considered in strategies aimed at controlling cyanobacterial blooms. E. In summary, we analyzed the effects of meteorological factors and nutrient levels on bloom dynamics in Lake Dianchi to represent the phytoplankton biomass. F. Further studies should assess the effects of climate change and eutrophication on cyanobacterial bloom dynamics based on data collected over a longer duration and more frequent and complete variables, and appropriate measures should be proposed to control these blooms. G. Decreasing nutrient levels, particularly the TP load should be initially considered during the entire period and during the dry season, and decreasing both the TN and TP loads should be considered during the rainy season. H. However, the relative importance of these factors may change according to precipitation patterns. 1. 2. B 3. A 4. G 5. 本题只填写4. 所对应的一个字母序号
5、A. The SHs, WS, and TP concentrations controlled the bloom dynamics during the dry season, among which the TP concentration was the most important factors, whereas the TN and TP concentrations were the primary factors during the rainy season. B. Interannual analysis revealed that the phytoplankton biomass increased with increases in air temperature and TP concentration, with TP concentration as the main contributing factor. C. The results of our study demonstrated that both meteorological factors and nutrient levels had important roles in controlling cyanobacterial bloom dynamics. D. All of these results suggest that both climate change regulation and eutrophication management should be considered in strategies aimed at controlling cyanobacterial blooms. E. In summary, we analyzed the effects of meteorological factors and nutrient levels on bloom dynamics in Lake Dianchi to represent the phytoplankton biomass. F. Further studies should assess the effects of climate change and eutrophication on cyanobacterial bloom dynamics based on data collected over a longer duration and more frequent and complete variables, and appropriate measures should be proposed to control these blooms. G. Decreasing nutrient levels, particularly the TP load should be initially considered during the entire period and during the dry season, and decreasing both the TN and TP loads should be considered during the rainy season. H. However, the relative importance of these factors may change according to precipitation patterns. 1. 2. B 3. A 4. G 5. 本题只填写5. 所对应的一个字母序号
Final paper
Final paper
1、You are supposed to write a final paper as the final project in accordance with your own research fields or research interests. You could choose from the following five options: 1. a literature review, summarizing and synthesizing the existing scholarly research on a particular topic; 2. an overview, introducing and explaining a theory or technology including definition, mechanism, applications, challenges, etc.; 3. a proposal, clarifying a research you plan to do; 4. a report, providing the information of a research or an experiment you did; 5. a research paper, exploring a research you have done. The requirements of the final paper are as follows: 1. The final paper should have a clear paper structure, following the organizational pattern of each communicative form that we have been learning and discussing, e.g. title-author-abstract-introduction-methods-results-discussion-conclusion-reference pattern for a research paper. 2. The components like figures and citations should be used appropriately and correctly. 3. Either numbered reference system or author-date reference system could be employed but should be used consistently in one paper. 4. Every reference listed at the end of the paper should be found in the paper and vice versa.
Final Exam
2020/12 Final exam
1、Rearrange the order of the following sentences to make a coherent and meaningful abstract. 1. These antibodies neutralized 10 representative SARS-CoV-2 strains, suggesting a possible broader neutralizing ability against other strains. Three immunizations using two different doses, 3 or 6 micrograms per dose, provided partial or complete protection in macaques against SARS-CoV-2 challenge, respectively, without observable antibody-dependent enhancement of infection. 2. The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has resulted in an unprecedented public health crisis. Because of the novelty of the virus, there are currently no SARS-CoV-2–specific treatments or vaccines available. 3. Therefore, rapid development of effective vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 are urgently needed. 4. Here, we developed a pilot-scale production of PiCoVacc, a purified inactivated SARS-CoV-2 virus vaccine candidate, which induced SARS-CoV-2–specific neutralizing antibodies in mice, rats, and nonhuman primates. 5. These data support the clinical development and testing of PiCoVacc for use in humans.
A、24513
B、34152
C、23415
D、41352
2、Put the following expressions in the proper place of the Discussion. A. These data suggest B. In this study, we demonstrate C. it is critical to emphasize D. additional research will be required E. we were unable to determine Discussion Individuals who recover from certain viral infections typically develop virus-specific antibody responses that provide robust protective immunity against re-exposure, but some viruses do not generate protective natural immunity, such as HIV-1. Human challenge studies for the common cold coronavirus 229E have suggested that there may be partial natural immunity. However, there is currently no data whether humans who have recovered from SARS-CoV-2 infection are protected from re-exposure. This is a critical issue with profound implications for vaccine development, public health strategies, antibody-based therapeutics, and epidemiologic modeling of herd immunity. _____1_______ that SARS-CoV-2 infection in rhesus macaques provided protective efficacy against SARS-CoV-2 rechallenge. We developed a rhesus macaque
