超星英语语言学概论_3答案(学习通2023课后作业答案)
35 min read超星英语语言学概论_3答案(学习通2023课后作业答案)
1.1 Introduction to Linguistics随堂测验
1、超星Which of the following statements is 英语语NOT true?
A、Language consists of the systems of sounds and grammar.
B、学概习通Language is 论答instrumental.
C、Language is 案学social and conventional.
D、Language is 课后a system of symbols.
2、The作业 scope of linguistic study may be generally divided into ______________.
A、descriptive linguistics and prescriptive linguistics
B、答案sociolinguistics and psycholinguistics
C、超星phonetics and phonology
D、英语语interlinguistic study and extralinguistic study
3、学概习通Saussure made the distinction between _______________.
A、论答langue and parole
B、案学competence and performance
C、课后theoretical linguistics and applied linguistics
D、作业comparative linguistics and historical linguistics
4、Chomsky made the distinction between _______________.
A、langue and parole
B、competence and performance
C、diachronic linguistics and synchronic linguistics
D、comparative linguistics and historical linguistics
5、As modern linguistics aims to describe and analyze the language people actually use, and not to lay down rules for “correct” linguistic behavior, it is said to be ___________.
A、prescriptive
B、sociolinguistic
C、descriptive
D、sycholinguistic
6、Language consists of the systems of sounds and grammar.
7、The actual production and comprehension of the speech by speakers of a language is called performance.
8、The fact that children can speak before they can read or write shows that language is arbitrary.
9、According to Chomsky, a language user’s underlying knowledge about the system of rules is called his linguistic competence.
10、linguistics is the study of a language through the course of its history.
11、A description takes a fixed instant (usually, but not necessarily, the present) as its point of observation.
12、is the study of psychological aspects of language; it usually studies the psychological states and mental activity associated with the use of language. Most problems in are more concrete, involving the study of language acquisition especially in children and linguistic performance such as producing and comprehending utterances or sentences among adults.
1.2 Design Features of Language随堂测验
1、Which of the following is NOT a frequently discussed design feature of language?
A、Arbitrariness.
B、Convention
C、Duality
D、Displacement
2、“I can refer to Confucius even though he died 2000 years ago.” This shows that language has the design feature of __________.
A、arbitrariness
B、creativity
C、duality
D、displacement
3、The design feature of __________ refers to the property of having two levels of structures, such that units of the primary level are composed of elements of the secondary level.
A、arbitrariness
B、creativity
C、duality
D、displacement
4、One of the properties of language is that a language user can understand and produce sentences he/she has never heard before. This property of language is called ________.
A、duality
B、productivity
C、displacement
D、arbitrariness
5、In broad terms, linguists agree to define language as a system of ____vocal symbols used for human communication.
A、conventional
B、motivated
C、arbitrary
D、dual
6、By is meant the property of having two levels of structures, such that units of the primary level are composed of elements of the secondary level and each of the two levels has its own principles of organization.
7、means that human languages enable their users to symbolize objects, events and concepts which are not present (in time and space) at the moment of communication.
1.3 Origins of Language随堂测验
1、holds that language originates from the uttering of instinctive sounds of pain, anger and joy.
A、The bow-wow theory
B、The Ding-Dong theory
C、The pooh-pooh theory
D、The yo-he-ho theory
2、holds that language originated from people’s imitations of animal cries and other sounds heard in nature.
A、The bow-wow theory
B、The Ding-Dong theory
C、The pooh-pooh theory
D、The yo-he-ho theory
3、The bow-wow theory is based on the fact that modern languages have some words with pronunciations which seem to echo natural souds.
4、Now linguists have known the specific origins of human languages.
5、The yo-he-ho theory explains that language originated from the cries uttered during strain of work.
6、____________ nfocuses mainly on the biological basis of the formation and development of human language.
1.4 Functions of Language随堂测验
1、When people use language to express attitudes, feelings and emotions, people are using the ____________function of language.
A、emotive
B、creative
C、phatic
D、metalingual
2、Which of the following is NOT a metafunction of language proposed by Halliday?
A、Ideational
B、Conventional
C、Interpersonal
D、Textual
3、The social functions of language do NOT include_______________.
A、informative function
B、interrogative function
C、phatic function
D、metacognitive function
4、The ______ function refers to the fact that language can be used for establishing a favorable atmosphere or maintaining social contact rather than for exchanging information or ideas.
A、phatic
B、directive
C、evocative
D、performative
5、“Language operates by rules” is a fundamental view about language.
6、When people use language to indulge in itself for its own sake, people are using the creative function of language.
7、According to Halliday’s theory of metafunctions of language, interpersonal function enacts social relationship.
8、According to Halliday's theory of metafunctions of language, language has ideational, interpersonal and textual function.
9、When people use language to indulge in itself for its own sake, people are using the poetic function of language.
第一单元语言学导论测试
1、Chomsky made the distinction between _______________.
A、competence and performance
B、comparative linguistics and historical linguistics
C、langue and parole
D、microlinguistics and macrolinguistics
2、As modern linguistics aims to describe and analyze the language people actually use, and not to lay down rules for “correct” linguistic behavior, it is said to be ___________.
A、prescriptive
B、descriptive
C、sociolinguistic
D、psycholinguistic
3、“I can refer to Confucius even though he died 2000 years ago.” This shows that language has the design feature of __________.
A、arbitrariness
B、duality
C、displacement
D、creativity
4、In broad terms, linguists agree to define language as a system of ____vocal symbols used for human communication.
A、arbitrary
B、motivated
C、conventional
D、dual
5、There are some well-known theories about the origin of language, among which______ proposes an extremely specific connection between physical and oral gesture.
A、the oral-gesture theory
B、the bow-wow theory
C、the pooh-pooh theory
D、the yo-he-ho theory
6、holds that language originated from people’s imitations of animal cries and other sounds heard in nature.
A、The pooh-pooh theory
B、The bow-wow theory
C、The divine-source theory
D、The yo-he-ho theory
7、When people use language to express attitudes, feelings and emotions, people are using the ____________function of language.
A、recreational
B、emotive
C、phatic
D、metalingual
8、Which of the following statements is NOT true?
A、Language consists of the systems of sounds and grammar.
B、Language is instrumental.
C、Language is a system of symbols.
D、Language is social and conventional.
9、By is meant the property of having two levels of structures, such that units of the primary level are composed of elements of the secondary level and each of the two levels has its own principles of organization.
A、duality
B、displacement
C、productivity
D、arbitrariness
10、All languages have three major components: a sound system, a system of lexicogrammar and a system of semantics.
11、Now linguists have known the specific origins of human languages.
12、“Language operates by rules” is a fundamental view about language.
13、When people use language to indulge in itself for its own sake, people are using the poetic function of language.
14、According to Halliday’s theory of metafunctions of language, interpersonal function enacts social relationship.
15、According to Chomsky, a language user’s underlying knowledge about the system of rules is called his linguistic performance.
16、The bow-wow theory is based on the fact that modern languages have some words with pronunciations which seem to echo natural souds.
17、A synchronic description takes a fixed instant (usually, but not necessarily, the present) as its point of observation.
18、Synchronic linguistics is the study of a language through the course of its history.
Chapter Two: Phonetics
2.1 Phonetics Introduction随堂测验
1、Pair ___________ doesn’t form a minimal pair.
A、gap and cap
B、pat and pad
C、tip and dip
D、cat and act
2、The study of the production of speech sounds is closely connected with ____________.
A、acoustic phonetics
B、articulatory phonetics
C、auditory phonetics
D、arbitrary phonetics
3、The study of the physical properties of speech sounds is closely connected with ____________.
A、coustic phonetics
B、articulatory phonetics
C、auditory phonetics
D、arbitrary phonetic
4、The study of the perception of speech sounds is closely connected with .
A、acoustic phonetics
B、articulatory phonetics
C、auditory phonetics
D、arbitrary phonetics
5、Pair is not in complementary distribution.
A、spot and pot
B、stop and top
C、school and cool
D、light and glad
6、A single phoneme always represents a single morpheme.
7、When the vocal folds are apart, the air can pass through easily and the sound produced is said to be voiced.
8、Cave and shave forms a minimal pair.
9、Phonetics studies how speech sounds are produced, transmitted, and perceived.
10、The tongue is divided into five parts: the tip, the blade, the front, the back and the root.
11、The speech sound segments that can distinguish or contrast words in sound and meaning are s. (A is the minimal or smallest distinctive linguistic unit in a language.)
12、refers to the different allophones of the same phoneme never occur in the same phonetic context. When two or more allophones of one phoneme never occur in the same linguistic environment they are said to be in .
2.2 English Consonants随堂测验
1、The classification and description of English consonants are based on ___________________.
A、the position of the tongue
B、narrow and broad transcription
C、the shape of vocal tract
D、the place and manner of articulation
2、According to the manner of articulation, [m] is a ___________.
A、bilabial
B、plosive
C、nasal
D、fricative
3、In terms of the place of articulation, the following sounds [t], [n], [z] share the feature of ____________.
A、palatal
B、alveolar
C、bilabial
D、velar
4、Which of the following sounds is a bilabial?_____________.
A、[ g ]
B、[ d ]
C、[ b ]
D、[ m ]
5、Which of the following sounds is an alveolar?_____________.
A、[ g ]
B、[ b ]
C、[ d ]
D、[ m ]
6、The difference between vowels and consonants lies in the obstruction of the airstream.
7、According to the manner of articulation, [s] is a fricative.
8、English consonants can be classified in terms of place of articulation and the part of the tongue that is raised the highest.
9、According to the manner of articulation, some of the types into which the consonants can be classified are stops, fricatives, bilabial and alveolar.
10、/d/ is a voiced alveolar stop.
11、are sounds produced by constricting or obstructing the vocal tract at some place to divert, impede or completely shut off the flow of the air in the oral cavity.
2.3 English Vowels随堂测验
1、The classification and description of English vowels are based on ___________________.
A、the position of the tongue
B、the shape of the lips
C、the shape of vocal tract
D、all of the above
2、The difference between vowels and consonants lies in ___________________.
A、the intonation of the sounds
B、the place and manner of articulation
C、the aspiration of the sounds
D、the obstruction of the airstre
3、A ____ vowel is one that is produced with the front part of the tongue maintaining the highest position.
A、back
B、central
C、front
D、middle
4、can be differentiated by a number of factors: the position of tongue in the mouth, the openness of the mouth, the shape of the lips, and the length of the vowels.
A、Vowel sounds
B、Consonant sounds
C、Voicing sounds
D、Devoicing sounds
5、s are sounds produced without obstruction, so no turbulence or a total stopping of the air can be perceived.
第二单元语音学测验
1、The study of the production of speech sounds is closely connected with ____________.
A、articulatory phonetics
B、acoustic phonetics
C、auditory phonetics
D、arbitrary phonetics
2、The study of the perception of speech sounds is closely connected with .
A、auditory phonetics
B、acoustic phonetics
C、arbitrary phonetics
D、articulatory phonetics
3、Pair ___________ doesn’t form a minimal pair.
A、gap and cap
B、pat and pad
C、tip and dip
D、cat and act
4、The classification and description of English consonants are based on ___________________.
A、the position of the tongue
B、the shape of vocal tract
C、narrow and broad transcription
D、the place and manner of articulation
5、According to the manner of articulation, [m] is a ___________.
A、bilabial
B、plosive
C、nasal
D、fricative
6、In terms of the place of articulation, the following sounds [t], [n], [z] share the feature of ____________.
A、palatal
B、alveolar
C、bilabial
D、velar
7、Which of the following sounds is a palatal?
A、[ b ]
B、[ d ]
C、[ g ]
D、[ j ]
8、The two sounds [ p ] and [ b ] share the same place and manner of articulation, but they are distinguished by _______.
A、voicing
B、tenseness
C、roundedness
D、position of the tongue
9、The voiceless bilabial stop in English is _____________.
A、[ p ]
B、[ b ]
C、[ t ]
D、[ d ]
10、The voiceless alveolar fricative in English is ________.
A、[s]
B、[d]
C、[f]
D、[v]
11、The difference between vowels and consonants lies in the obstruction of the airstream.
12、According to the manner of articulation, [s] is a alveolar.
13、/d/ is a voiced alveolar stop.
14、Velar sounds are made with the back of the tongue raised to touch the velum.
15、When the vocal folds are apart, the air can pass through easily and the sound produced is said to be voiced.
16、Vowels are sounds produced by constricting or obstructing the vocal tract at some place to divert, impede or completely shut off the flow of the air in the oral cavity.
17、The high front tense unrounded vowel in English is [i:].
18、Vowels are sounds produced without obstruction, so no turbulence or a total stopping of the air can be perceived.
Chapter Three: Phonology
3.1 Phonology introduction随堂测验
1、Of all the speech organs, the _______ is/are the most flexible.
A、mouth
B、lips
C、tongue
D、vocal cords
2、A(n) ___________ is a unit that is of distinctive value. It is an abstract unit, a collection of distinctive phonetic features.
A、phone
B、sound
C、allophone
D、phoneme
3、The different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environments are called the ____ of that phoneme.
A、phones
B、sounds
C、phonemes
D、allophones
4、Since /p/ and /b/ are phonetically similar, occur in the same environments and they can distinguish meaning, they are said to be ___________.
A、in phonemic contrast
B、in complementary distribution
C、the allophones
D、minimal pair
5、The assimilation rule assimilates one sound to another by “copying” a feature of a sequential phoneme, thus making the two phones ____________.
A、identical
B、the same
C、exactly alike
D、similar
6、Phonetics is different from phonology in that the latter studies the combinations of the sounds to convey meaning in communication.
7、Phonology is concerned with how the sounds can be classified into different categories.
8、The rules governing the phonological patterning are language specific.
9、Distinctive features of sound segments can be found running over a sequence of two or more phonemic segments.
10、When two different forms are identical in every way except for one sound segment which occurs in the same place in the strings, the two words are said to form a phonemic contrast.
3.2 Coarticulation随堂测验
1、When such simultaneous or overlapping articulation are involved, we call the process .
A、coarticulation
B、aspiration
C、nasalization
D、epenthesis
2、In producing a nasal the soft palate is lowered to allow airflow through the _____ .
A、vocal folds
B、vocal cords
C、nasal tract
D、larynx
3、The fact that the vowel in lamb has some quality of the following nasal is a phenomenon we call .
A、nasalization
B、velarization
C、aspiration
D、devoicing
4、In coarticulation, if the sound becomes more like the following sound, as in lamb, it is known as .
A、perseverative coarticulation
B、dentalization
C、anticipatory coarticulation
D、progressive assimilation
5、When we use a simple set of symbols in our transcription, it is called a .
A、narrow transcription
B、aspiration
C、nasalization
D、broad transcription
6、In English, the distinction between aspirated [p?] and unaspirated [p] is not phonemic.
7、In the word peak, /p/ is unaspirated, phonetically transcribed as [p].
8、Aspiration is a distinctive feature in English.
9、In phonetic terms, phonemic transcriptions represent the “narrow” transcription.
10、Speech is a continuous process, so the vocal organs do not move from one sound segment to the next in a series of separate steps.
11、Simultaneous or overlapping articulations, as when the nasal quality of a nasal sound affects the preceding or following sound so that the latter becomes nasalized. If the affected sound becomes more like the following sound, it is known as anticipatory ; if the sound shows the influence of the preceding sound, it is perseverative .
3.3 Epenthesis and distinctive feature随堂测验
1、Distinctive features can be found running over a sequence of two or more phonemic segments. The phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments are called ______.
A、phonetic components
B、immediate constituents
C、suprasegmental features
D、semantic features
2、A(n) ___________ is a unit that is of distinctive value. It is an abstract unit, a collection of distinctive phonetic features.
A、phone
B、sound
C、allophone
D、phoneme
3、A change that involves the insertion of a consonant or vowel sound to the middle of a word is known as ____.
A、apocope
B、epenthesis
C、parenthesis
D、antithesis
4、Distinctive features of sound segments can be found running over a sequence of two or more phonemic segments.
5、A change that involves the insertion of a consonant or vowel sound to the middle of a word is known as .
6、The basic unit in phonology is called phoneme; it is a unit of . But it is an abstract unit. To be exact, a phoneme is not a sound; it is a collection of distinctive phonetic features.
3.4 Suprasegmentals随堂测验
1、Which of the following is NOT a Suprasegmental feature?
A、tone
B、intonation
C、stress
D、syllable
2、In a syllable, a vowel often serves as ____________.
A、peak or nucleus
B、onset
C、coda
D、sequence
3、The word “digitalization” consists of _______ syllables.
A、five
B、six
C、three
D、four
4、Distinctive features can be found running over a sequence of two or more phonemic segments. The phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments are called _______.
A、phonetic components
B、immediate constituents
C、suprasegmental features
D、semantic features
5、The features that occur above the level of the segments and can distinguish meaning are called , which include syllable structure, stress, tone and intonation.
6、When pitch, stress and sound length are tied to the sentence rather than the word in isolation, they are collectively known as .
3.5 Syllable随堂测验
1、Sound assimilation may bring about the loss of one of two phonetically similar syllables in sequence, as in the case of change of “Engla-land” to “England”.
2、refers to the phenomenon of the loss of one of two phonetically similar syllables in sequence.
第三单元音系学测验
1、A(n) ___________ is a unit that is of distinctive value. It is an abstract unit, a collection of distinctive phonetic features.
A、phone
B、sound
C、allophone
D、phoneme
2、The different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environments are called the ____ of that phoneme.
A、phones
B、sounds
C、phonemes
D、allophones
3、Since /p/ and /b/ are phonetically similar, occur in the same environments and they can distinguish meaning, they are said to be ___________.
A、in phonemic contrast
B、in complementary distribution
C、the allophones
D、minimal pair
E、free variations
4、The assimilation rule assimilates one sound to another by “copying” a feature of a sequential phoneme, thus making the two phones ____________.
A、identical
B、the same
C、exactly alike
D、similar
5、The fact that the vowel in lamb has some quality of the following nasal is a phenomenon we call .
A、nasalization
B、velarization
C、aspiration
D、devoicing
6、In coarticulation, if the sound becomes more like the following sound, as in lamb, it is known as .
A、anticipatory coarticulation
B、progressive assimilation
C、perseverative coarticulation
D、dentalization
7、Distinctive features can be found running over a sequence of two or more phonemic segments. The phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments are called ______.
A、phonetic components
B、syllables
C、suprasegmental features
D、allophonic variation
8、A(n) ___________ is a unit that is of distinctive value. It is an abstract unit, a collection of distinctive phonetic features.
A、phone
B、sound
C、allophone
D、phoneme
9、In a syllable, a vowel often serves as ____________.
A、peak or nucleus
B、onset
C、coda
D、sequence
10、The word “digitalization” consists of _______ syllables.
A、five
B、six
C、four
D、three
11、Phonetics is different from phonology in that the latter studies the combinations of the sounds to convey meaning in communication.
12、Phonology is concerned with how the sounds can be classified into different categories.
13、In the word peak, /p/ is unaspirated, phonetically transcribed as [p].
14、In English, the distinction between aspirated [p?] and unaspirated [p] is not phonemic.
15、Aspiration is a distinctive feature in English.
16、In phonetic terms, phonemic transcriptions represent the “narrow” transcription.
17、Speech is a continuous process, so the vocal organs do not move from one sound segment to the next in a series of separate steps.
Chapter Four: Morphology
4.1 Morphology introduction随堂测验
1、Derivational affixes are bound morphemes added to existing form to construct new words. English derivational affixes are divided into ________and _______.
A、prefixes, infixes
B、suffixes and infixes
C、prefixes, suffixes
D、morphemes, allomorphs
2、In the word “unavailability”, ______________ is the root.
A、un
B、available
C、avail
D、ability
3、In today’s grammar we normally say that English does not have a “future tense”. This is because in English ________________.
A、the future is not expressed by morphological change
B、the future can be expressed in many ways
C、the future belongs to the category of “aspect”
D、the future is expressed by modal verbs
4、The morpheme “vision” in the word “television” is a(n)____________.
A、free morpheme
B、bound form
C、inflectional morpheme
D、bound morpheme
5、Which of the following words is made up of bound morphemes only?
A、happiness
B、television
C、ecology
D、teacher
6、Morpheme is the minimal unit of meaning.
7、–ing is an “inflectional suffix”.
8、Stems in English can be classified into derivational morphemes and inflectional morphemes.
9、The bound morpheme in “apples” is an inflectional morpheme.
10、Although is an open-class word.
11、refers to the base form of a word that cannot be further analyzed without loss of identity. That is to say, it is that part of the word that is left when all the affixes are removed. And can be further classified into free root morpheme and bound root morpheme.
12、A morpheme, like a phoneme, is a linguistic abstraction, which must be realized as certain phonetic forms or variants in different phonetic environments. Each of the phonetic forms or variants is a morph. A single morpheme may be phonetically realized as two or more morphs. The different morphs that represent or which are derived from one morpheme are called the of that morpheme.
4.2 Word formation随堂测验
1、__________can best describe the word formation processes of the following groups of words: table--tables, influenza--flu.
A、Inflection and abbreviation
B、Compound and derivation
C、Inflection and derivation
D、Derivation and blending
2、Which of the following ways of word-formation does not change the grammatical class of the stem?
A、compound
B、inflection
C、derivation
D、coinage
3、__________can best describe the word formation rules of the following group of words: to burgle (from burglar), Eurodollar (from European + dollar).
A、Back-formation and blending
B、Compound and derivation
C、Inflection and derivation
D、Derivation and blending
4、__________can best describe the following group of words: table—tables, day + break—daybreak.
A、Inflection and compound
B、Compound and derivation
C、Inflection and derivation
D、Derivation and blending
5、can best describe the following group of words: advertisement— ad, bicycle—bike.
A、compound
B、abbreviation
C、derivation
D、coinage
6、“Invention” is a form of compounding, in which two words are blended by joining the initial pan of the first word and the final part of the second word, or by joining the initial parts of the two words.
7、Blending is a relatively complex form of compounding.
8、Derivaiton does not change the grammatical class of the stem.
9、Inflection shows a relationship between roots and affixes.
第四单元形态学测验
1、Derivational affixes are bound morphemes added to existing form to construct new words. English derivational affixes are divided into ________and _______.
A、prefixes, infixes
B、suffixes and infixes
C、prefixes, suffixes
D、morphemes, allomorphs
2、In the word “unavailability”, ______________ is the root.
A、un
B、available
C、avail
D、ability
3、In today’s grammar we normally say that English does not have a “future tense”. This is because in English ________________.
A、the future is not expressed by morphological change
B、the future can be expressed in many ways
C、the future belongs to the category of “aspect”
D、the future is expressed by modal verbs
4、The morpheme “vision” in the word “television” is a(n)____________.
A、free morpheme
B、bound form
C、inflectional morpheme
D、bound morpheme
5、Which of the following ways of word-formation does not change the grammatical class of the stem?
A、compound
B、inflection
C、derivation
D、coinage
6、__________can best describe the word formation processes of the following groups words: table--tables, influenza--flu.
A、Inflection and abbreviation
B、Compound and derivation
C、Inflection and derivation
D、Derivation and blending
7、__________can best describe the word formation rules of the following group of words: to burgle (from burglar), Eurodollar (from European + dollar).
A、Back-formation and blending
B、Compound and derivation
C、Inflection and derivation
D、Derivation and blending
8、Which of the following words is made up of bound morphemes only?
A、teacher
B、ecology
C、television
D、happiness
E、friendship
9、refers to the base form of a word that cannot be further analyzed without loss of identity. That is to say, it is that part of the word that is left when all the affixes are removed.
A、Root
B、Morpheme
C、Phoneme
D、Stem
10、The different morphs that represent or which are derived from one morpheme are called the of that morpheme.
A、morphs
B、allomorphs
C、phones
D、allophones
11、Morpheme is the minimal unit of meaning.
12、–ing is an “inflectional suffix”.
13、Stems in English can be classified into derivational morphemes and inflectional morphemes.
14、The bound morpheme in “apples” is an inflectional morpheme.
15、”Although“ is an open-class word.
16、A morpheme, like a phoneme, is a linguistic abstraction, which must be realized as certain phonetic forms or variants in different phonetic environments.
17、“Invention” is a form of compounding, in which two words are blended by joining the initial part of the first word and the final part of the second word, or by joining the initial parts of the two words.
18、Derivaiton does not change the grammatical class of the stem.
Chapter Five: Syntax
5.1 Concept of grammar随堂测验
1、A sentence is considered ____ when it does not conform to the grammatical knowledge in the mind of native speakers.
A、right
B、wrong
C、grammatical
D、ungrammatical
2、A __________ in the embedded clause refers to the introductory word that introduces the embedded clause.
A、coordinator
B、particle
C、preposition
D、subordinator
3、Phrase structure rules have ____ properties.
A、recursive
B、grammatical
C、social
D、functional
4、Phrase structure rules allow us to better understand _____________.
A、how words and phrases form sentences.
B、what constitutes the grammaticality of strings of words
C、how people produce and recognize possible sentences
D、All of the above.
5、The syntactic rules of any language are ____ in number.
A、large
B、small
C、finite
D、infinite
6、Descriptive grammar refers to grammarian’s attempt to legislate what speakers’ grammatical rules should be, rather than what they are.
7、Universally found in the grammars of all human languages, syntactic rules that comprise the system of internalized linguistic knowledge of a language speaker are known as linguistic competence.
8、The syntactic rules of any language are finite in number, but there is no limit to the number of sentences native speakers of that language are able to produce and comprehend.
9、In a complex sentence, the two clauses hold unequal status, one subordinating the other.
5.2 Syntactic relations随堂测验
1、A __________ in the embedded clause refers to the introductory word that introduces the embedded clause.
A、coordinator
B、particle
C、preposition
D、subordinator
2、Which of the following is NOT included in the three classes of syntactic relations?
A、positional relations
B、relations of co-occurrence
C、relations of expansion
D、relations of substitutability
3、The theory of case condition accounts for the fact that __________.
A、noun phrases appear only in subject and object positions
B、noun phrases can be used to modify another noun phrase
C、noun phrase can be used in adverbial positions
D、noun phrase can be moved to any place if necessary
4、The sentence structure is ________.
A、only linear
B、only hierarchical
C、complex
D、both linear and hierarchical
5、refers to a relation holding between elements replaced with each other at a particular place in a structure, or between one element present and the others absent.
A、syntagmatic relation
B、morphological
C、linguistic
D、paradigmatic relation
6、Constituents that can be substituted for one another without loss of grammaticality belong to the same syntactic category.
7、Sentences are composed of sequence of words arranged in a simple linear order, with one adding onto another following a simple arithmetic logic.
8、What is actually internalized in the mind of a native speaker is a complete list of words and phrases rather than grammatical knowledge.
9、WH-movement is obligatory in English which changes a sentence from affirmative to interrogative.
10、In a complex sentence, the two clauses hold unequal status, one subordinating the other.
5.3 IC Analysis随堂测验
1、The structural approach to the analysis of language is connected with____________.
A、theme and rheme
B、government and binding
C、immediate constituent analysis
D、mood and modality
2、Phrase structure rules allow us to better understand _____________.
A、how words and phrases form sentences
B、what constitutes the grammaticality of strings of words
C、how people produce and recognize possible sentences
D、All of the above
3、Immediate Constituents Analysis is a way to dismantle a grammatical construction in .
A、transformational generative grammar
B、systemic functional grammar
C、traditional grammar
D、structural grammar
4、refers to the analysis of a sentence in terms of its immediate constituents – word groups (or phrases), which are in turn analyzed into the immediate constituents of their own, and the process goes on until the ultimate constituents are reached.
5.4 Grammatical construction随堂测验
1、Which of the following is a right-headed endocentric compound?
A、make-up
B、night-school
C、takehome
D、pickpocket
2、Typical endocentric constructions are not .
A、noun phrases
B、prepositional phrases
C、adjective phrases
D、verb phrases
3、The three small children with children as its head, belongs to .
A、endocentric construction
B、exocentric construction
C、D-structure
D、immediate constituents
4、Construction is the grammatical structure of a sentence or any smaller unit, represented by a set of elements and relations between elements.
5、Construction can be divided into two types: endocentric construction and exocentric construction.
6、Exocentric construction is also called headed construction.
7、Endocentric construction can be further divided into the following two types: subordinate endocentric construction and coordinate endocentric construction.
8、is just the opposite of endocentric construction. If refers to a group of syntactically related words where none of the words is functionally equivalent to the group as a whole, that is, there is no definable “centre” or “head” inside the group. Exocentric construction usually includes basic sentence, prepositional phrase, predicate (verb+object) construction, and connective (be+complement) construction.
9、is one whose distribution is functionally equivalent to that of one or more of its constituents, i.e., a word or a group of words, which serves as a definable centre or head.
5.5 TG grammar随堂测验
1、Syntactic movement is dictated by rules traditionally called ________.
A、transformational rules
B、generative rules
C、phrase structure rules
D、x-bar theory
2、_______ rules may change the syntactic representation of a sentence.
A、Generative
B、Transformational
C、X-bar
D、Phrase structure
3、The representative figure of TG grammar is .
A、Halliday
B、Chomsky
C、Malinowski
D、Saussure
4、A grammar which consists of a set of statements or rules which specify which sequences of language are possible, and which impossible, is a grammar.
A、systemic
B、descriptive
C、generative
D、functional
5、The generative-transformational grammar intends to account for the speaker’s linguistic competence.
6、It is believed that phrase structure rules, with the insertion of the lexicon, generate sentences at the level of D-structure.
7、are the rules that transform one sentence type into another type.
8、is the level of syntactic representation that exists before movement takes place. Phrase structure rules, with the insertion of the lexicon, generate sentences at the level of D-structure.
第五单元句法学测试
1、Phrase structure rules have ____ properties.
A、recursive
B、grammatical
C、social
D、functional
2、The syntactic rules of any language are ____ in number.
A、large
B、small
C、finite
D、infinite
3、Which of the following is NOT included in the three classes of syntactic relations?
A、positional relations
B、relations of co-occurrence
C、relations of expansion
D、relations of substitutability
4、The sentence structure is ________.
A、only linear
B、only hierarchical
C、complex
D、both linear and hierarchical
5、____ refers to a relation holding between elements replaced with each other at a particular place in a structure, or between one element present and the others absent.
A、Syntagmatic relation
B、Paradigmatic relation
C、Horizontal relation
D、Syntactic relation
6、The structural approach to the analysis of language is connected with____________.
A、theme and rheme
B、government and binding
C、immediate constituent analysis
D、mood and modality
7、Immediate Constituents Analysis is a way to dismantle a grammatical construction in .
A、transformational generative grammar
B、systemic functional grammar
C、traditional grammar
D、structural grammar
8、________ construction is one whose distribution is functionally equivalent to that of one or more of its constituents, i.e., a word or a group of words, which serves as a definable centre or head.
A、Endocentric
B、Exocentric
C、Coordinate
D、Subordinate
9、Which of the following is a right-headed endocentric compound?
A、make-up
B、night-school
C、takehome
D、pickpocket
E、forget-me-not
10、The three small children with children as its head, belongs to .
A、endocentric construction
B、exocentric construction
C、D-structure
D、immediate constituents
11、Which of the following type of grammatical construction is NOT a typical endocentric construction?
A、prepositional phrase
B、noun phrases
C、adjective phrases
D、verb phrases
12、_______ rules may change the syntactic representation of a sentence.
A、Transformational
B、Phrase structure
C、X-bar
D、Generative
13、Descriptive grammar refers to grammarian’s attempt to legislate what speakers’ grammatical rules should be, rather than what they are.
14、Universally found in the grammars of all human languages, syntactic rules that comprise the system of internalized linguistic knowledge of a language speaker are known as linguistic competence.
15、The syntactic rules of any language are finite in number, but there is no limit to the number of sentences native speakers of that language are able to produce and comprehend.
16、In a complex sentence, the two clauses hold unequal status, one subordinating the other.
17、The syntactic function shows the relationship between a linguistic form and other parts of the linguistic pattern in which it is used.
18、Endocentric construction can be further divided into the following two types: subordinate endocentric construction and coordinate endocentric construction.
19、Exocentric construction is also called headed construction.
20、The generative-transformational grammar intends to account for the speaker’s linguistic competence.
Chapter Six: Semantics
6.1 Semantics: Introduction随堂测验
6.2 Classification of meaning随堂测验
6.3 Synonymy随堂测验
1、“Fall” and “autumn” are ___________________synonyms.
A、stylistic
B、absolute
C、phrasal
D、dialectal
2、Words that are close in meaning are called ______________.
A、homonyms
B、polysemy
C、hyponyms
D、synonyms
3、The following are factors that help to produce near synonyms except .
A、conceptual difference
B、stylistic difference
C、dialectal difference
D、connotative difference
4、refers to the sameness or close similarity of meaning.
6.4 Antonymy随堂测验
1、Which of the following is a pair of relational opposites?
A、single vs. married
B、hot vs. cold
C、alive vs. dead
D、husband vs. wife
2、“Big” and “small” are ____________ antonyms.
A、gradable
B、complementary
C、converse
D、relational
3、All the following are marked words EXCEPT _______.
A、small
B、low
C、old
D、short
4、“Alive” and “dead” are ________.
A、gradable antonyms
B、relational opposites
C、complementary antonyms
D、None of the above
5、is the name for oppositeness relation, which includes three main sub-types.
A、Hyponymy
B、Antonymy
C、Polysemy
D、Synonymy
6、refers to the oppositeness of meaning. Words that are opposite in meaning are called antonyms. It can be divided into gradable antonymy, complementary antonymy, converse antonymy or relational opposites.
7、refer to those kind of antonyms which are complementary to each other. That is, they divide up the whole of a semantic field completely. Not only the assertion of one means the denial of the other, the denial of one also means the assertion of the other. Not only He is alive means “He is not dead”, He is not alive also means “He is dead.”
6.5 Hyponymy随堂测验
1、The lower terms for a superordinate are _____________.
A、hyponyms
B、class members
C、synonyms
D、homonyms
2、The upper terms in the sense relation of hyponymy is called _____________.
A、superordinate
B、hypomym
C、synonyms
D、homonyms
3、The sense relation which holds the pair of words beef—meat is .
A、synonymy
B、hyponymy
C、synonyms
D、homonyms
4、Terms like “apple”, “banana” and “pear” are of the term “fruit”.
A、hyponyms
B、antonyms
C、synonyms
D、homonyms
5、refers to the sense relation between a more general, more inclusive word and a more specific word.
6.6 Homonymy随堂测验
1、___________ refers to the phenomenon that words having different meanings have the same form.
A、Polysemy
B、Synonymy
C、Homonymy
D、Hyponymy
2、Pupil (student) and pupil (of eye) are known as .
A、synonyms
B、complete homonyms
C、homographs
D、homophones
3、It’s everybody’s right, right? In this sentence, these two rights are .
A、synonyms
B、complete homonyms
C、homographs
D、homophones
4、Words berry and bury are
A、synonyms
B、complete homonyms
C、homographs
D、homophones
5、The soldier decided to desert into the desert. Here, these two deserts are .
A、synonyms
B、complete homonyms
C、homographs
D、homophones
6、The word “bow” can be used as noun and verb, so “bow”(as noun) and “bow” (as verb) are homographs.
7、Homonymy can be divided into three types.
6.7 Polysemy随堂测验
1、The word polysemy is of rigin (Gk polys, much + sema, meaning).
A、American
B、British
C、Greek
D、Australian
2、means that one single word has two or more senses at the same time.
A、Synonymy
B、Antonymy
C、Homonymy
D、Polysemy
3、Of the three ways to express new ideas, new processes, new products, the simplest one is to .
A、have old words take on additional meaning
B、form a new word
C、borrow a word from other languages
D、None of above
4、There are processes leading to polysemy.
A、2
B、3
C、4
D、5
5、In English as in any language the number of meanings is larger than the number of words.
6、Radiation and concatenation are processes leading to polysemy.
7、Semantically, concatenation is the process in which the primary or central meaning stands at the center while secondary meanings radiate from it in every direction like rays.
8、Radiation is a semantic Process in which the meaning of a word moves gradually away from its first sense by successive shifts, like the links of a chain, until there is no connection between the sense that is finally developed and the primary meaning.
9、refers to the fact that the same one word may have more than one meaning. A word having more than one meaning is called polysemic word.
6.8 Componential analysis随堂测验
1、Componential analysis is a method applied in the field of __________ .
A、phonetics
B、syntax
C、semantics
D、pragmatics
2、The verb “take” can be analyzed in the following way according to componential analysis.
A、take＝CAUSE(x, (HAVE (x,y)))
B、take＝CAUSE(x, (～HAVE(x,y)))
C、take＝CAUSE(x, (BECOME (x,y)))
D、take＝CAUSE(～, (BECOME (x,y)))
3、When a child uses “mummy” to refer to any woman, most probably his “mummy” means .
A、＋Human
B、＋Human ＋Adult
C、＋Human ＋Adult —Male
D、＋Human ＋Adult —Male ＋Parent
4、is a way proposed by the structural semanticists to analyze word meaning. This approach is based on the belief that meaning of a word can be dissected into meaning components, called semantic features or properties.
6.9 Sentence meaning随堂测验
1、What semantic relation do the following sentences have? a. My daughter likes reading. b. I have a daughter.
A、Contradiction
B、Entailment
C、Synonymy
D、Presupposition
2、X: He has been to France. Y: He has been to Europe. The relationship of X and Y is ____________.
A、X entailing Y
B、synonymous
C、inconsistent
D、X presupposing Y
3、“Can I borrow your bike?”_______ “You have a bike.”
A、is synonymous with
B、is inconsistent with
C、entails
D、presupposes
4、“Semantics is the scientific study of meaning” is a .
A、synonymy
B、polysemy
C、antonymy
D、tautology
5、Relation between propositions by which A presupposes B, if for A to have a truth value, B must be true is called .
A、presupposition
B、entailment
C、contradiction
D、synonymy
6、The meaning of a sentence is the sum total of the meanings of all its components.
7、“It is hot.” is a no-place predication because it contains no argument.
8、In grammatical analysis, the sentence is taken to be the basic unit, but in semantic analysis of a sentence, the basic unit is predication, which is the abstraction of the meaning of a sentence.
第六单元语义学单元测试
1、Componential analysis is a method applied in the field of __________ .
A、pragmatics
B、phonetics
C、syntax
D、semantics
2、The naming theory is advanced by ________.
A、Bloomfield
B、Geoffrey Leech
C、Firth
D、Plato
3、The same word has the same _____________ meaning to all the speakers of the same language.
A、associative
B、affective
C、conceptual
D、reflected
4、From a functional approach, the _______ meaning of a language use refers to the expression of feelings and attitudes of the speaker/writer.
A、affective
B、stylistic
C、collocative
D、thematic
5、“Yellow” has different meanings to Chinese or to western people; that is its ____________.
A、conceptual
B、associative
C、denotative
D、stylistic
6、“Fall” and “autumn” are ___________________synonyms.
A、stylistic
B、absolute
C、phrasal
D、dialectal
7、Partial synonyms may differ in the following aspects except ___ .
A、stylistic meaning
B、associative meaning
C、connotative meaning
D、conceptual meaning
8、Which of the following is a pair of relational opposites?
A、single vs. married
B、hot vs. cold
C、alive vs. dead
D、husband vs. wife
E、true vs. false
F、long vs. short
G、buy vs. sell
9、All the following are marked words EXCEPT _______.
A、small
B、low
C、old
D、short
E、tall
F、slow
10、It’s everybody’s right, right? In this sentence, these two "rights" are .
A、complete synonyms
B、complete homonyms
C、homographs
D、homophones
11、X: He has been to France. Y: He has been to Europe. The relationship of X and Y is ____________.
A、X entailing Y
B、synonymous
C、inconsistent
D、X presupposing Y
12、Linguistic forms having the same sense may have different references in different situations.
13、Most languages have sets of lexical items similar in meaning but ranked differently according to their degree of formality.
14、Sense is concerned with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience, while the reference deals with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form.
15、Sense and reference are two different aspects of semantics, the former dealing with the semantic structure of language and the latter dealing with the meaning in terms of our experience outside language.
16、Hyponymy refers to the relationship held between general and specific words.
17、"Fruit" is the hyponym of words like "banana", "apple", or "orange".
18、The word “bow” can be used as noun and verb, so “bow”(as noun) and “bow” (as verb) are homographs.
19、In English as in any language the number of words is larger than the number of meanings.
20、Componential analysis is based on the belief that the meaning of a word can be dissected into meaning components, called semantic features or properties.
Chapter Eight: Psycholinguistics
8.1 Psycholinguistics: Introduction随堂测验
1、According to Lakoff and Johnson, “His greediness began to balloon quickly” represents a(an) .
A、structural metaphor
B、ontological metaphor
C、orientational metaphor
D、rhetorical metaphor
2、holds that in recognizing the spoken words higher processing levels have a direct, “top-down” influence on lower levels. Lexical knowledge can affect the perception of phonemes.
A、Interactive model
B、Race model
C、Cohort model
D、Serial model
3、In cognitive linguistics, is the process of classifying our experiences into different categories based on commonalities and differences.
A、categorization
B、metaphor
C、language production
D、language comprehension
4、Image Schema is a recurring, dynamic pattern of our perceptual interaction and motor programs that gives coherence and structure to our experience.
5、Metaphor involves the comparison of two concepts in that one is construed in terms of the other.
8.2 Critical Period Hypothesis随堂测验
1、The ____ age for the acquisition of the first language coincides with the period of brain lateralization.
A、optimum
B、youngest
C、flexible
D、relevant
2、The children's production of expressions like "Papa away", "All wet", or "Boot off" indicate that they are at ___________ of their language acquisition process.
A、the holophrastic stage
B、the two-word stage
C、the three-word stage
D、the fluent grammatical conversation stage
3、The apparent specialization of the left hemisphere for language is often described as ___________, which coincides with the period during which language acquisition takes place.
A、lateralization
B、categorization
C、localization
D、standardization
4、Adults' correction of children's speech determines how children speak.
5、All normal children, regardless of culture, develop language at roughly the same time, along much the same schedule.
6、Children are born with knowledge of the basic grammatical relations and categories, so it means that the biological basis is the only requirement for the first language acquisition.
8.3 Language Comprehension随堂测验
1、The ____ age for the acquisition of the first language coincides with the period of brain lateralization.
A、youngest
B、flexible
C、optimum
D、relevant
2、The neurobiologist Eric Lenneberg is a major proponent of the idea that ________.
A、there is a distinction between acquisition and learning
B、there is a critical period for language acquisition
C、language influences thinking
D、there is interrelationship between language and thinking
3、The case of Genie shows that ____________.
A、language cannot be acquired at all after the critical period
B、Cerebral plasticity after puberty is still high enough to for a successful mastery of a new language
C、the language faculty of an average human degenerates after the critical period
D、the language learning should be done as early as possible
4、The bow-wow theory is a theory on language acquisition.
5、The capacity to acquire one’s first language is a fundamental human trait that all human beings are equally well possessed with.
6、Children follow a similar acquisition schedule of predictable stages along the route of language development across cultures, though there is an idiosyncratic variation in the amount of time that takes individuals to master different aspects of the grammar.
7、Language acquisition is primarily the acquisition of the vocabulary and the meaning of language.
8、Children who grow up in culture where caretaker speech is absent acquire their native language more slowly than children who are exposed to caretaker speech.
8.4 Language Production随堂测验
1、Which of the following is NOT a major strand of psycholinguistic research?
A、comprehension
B、production
C、practice
D、acquisition
2、Which of the following is NOT a level of representation involved in speaking a sentence according to Garrett?
A、The message-level representation
B、The functional-level representation
C、The informative-level representation
D、The articulatory-level representation
3、Which of the following terms is not a concept in Psycholinguistics?
A、Processing utterances
B、Producing utterances
C、Language acquisition
D、Componential analysis
4、Around months, the child begins to learn words at a rate of one every two waking hours, and keeps leaning that rate or faster through adolescence.
A、4
B、6
C、10
D、18
5、Speakers of all languages are capable of producing and comprehending an infinite set of sentences.
6、Language production has three stages.
7、In generation of sentences, it will go through conceptualization, word-selection corresponding to the concept-chosen and morpho-phonological encoding.
8、In generation of sentences, the first step is again conceptual preparation- deciding what to say.
8.5 Cognitive Linguistics随堂测验
1、Which of the following is NOT an approach to the study of language and cognition?
A、The formal approach
B、The psychological approach
C、The conceptual approach
D、The conventional approach
2、is based on human experiences of the world and the way they perceive and conceptualize the world.
A、Cognitive linguistics
B、Semantics
C、Pragmatics
D、Phonetics
3、According to Chomsky, is the ideal user’s internalized knowledge of his language.
A、performance
B、competence
C、langue
D、parole
4、seeks to ascertain the global integrated system of conceptual structuring in language.
A、Semantics
B、Cognitive linguistics
C、Pragmatics
D、Phonetics
5、usually studies the psychological states and mental activity associated with the use of language.
A、Cognitive linguistics
B、Corpus linguistics
C、Psycholinguistics
D、Semantics
6、takes the view that children acquire the language through assimilation and adaption and learn from the environment through interaction with the environment.
A、Cognitive Theory
B、Categorization
C、Blending Theory
D、Image schema
7、Cognitive linguistics studies the relationship between language and thought, and a perennial subject of debate being whether language is a function of thinking or thought.
8、Blending theory is proposed by Fauconnier and Turner to address the cognitive operation whereby elements of two or more “mental spaces” are integrated via projecting into a new, blended space which has its unique structure.
9、In cognitive linguistics, categorization is the process of classifying our experiences into different categories based on commonalities and differences.
10、One of the definitions of cognition is the mental process or faculty of “knowing”, including aspects such as awareness, perception, reasoning and judgement.
11、Cognitive linguistics is based on human experiences of the world and the way they perceive and conceptualize the world.
8.6 Categorization and Image Schema随堂测验
1、Which of the following is NOT a major strand of psycholinguistic research?
A、comprehension
B、production
C、practice
D、acquisition
2、is a process for us to get familiar with the real world.
A、Language acquisition
B、Language comprehension
C、Language production
D、Language learning
3、Language comprehension consists of three stages except .
A、Word recognition
B、comprehension of sentences
C、comprehension of text
D、language learning
4、_________ factors stand in the way of sentence comprehension.
A、2
B、3
C、4
D、5
5、Speakers of all languages are capable of producing and comprehending an infinite set of sentences.
6、If a language lacks a word, its speakers will not be able to grasp its concept.
7、Word recognition can be viewed in terms of recognition of spoken words and printed words.
8、Sentence is the net of propositions that make up the semantic interpretations of individual sentences.
9、Language comprehension is a process for us to get familiar with the real word. We can instinctively connect the known items stored in our mind to the unknown ones and access to more information in processing and comprehending language.
8.7 Metaphor随堂测验
1、According to Lakoff and Johnson, when we are using spatial terms to talk about non-spatial concepts, we are using _____________ metaphor.
A、Ontological
B、Structural
C、Orientational
D、Rhetorical
2、Lakoff and Johnson classify conceptual metaphors into 3 categories, including:_______________.
A、Ontological metaphor
B、Structural metaphor
C、Containment metaphor
D、Orientational metaphor
3、According to Lakoff and Johnson, structural metaphors are grounded in our experience.
4、Metaphor involves the comparison of two concepts in that one is construed in terms of the other. It is often described in terms of a _________ domain and a ______________ domain.
5、Metonymy, in the cognitive literature, is defined as a cognitive process in which the vehicle provided mental access to the target domain within the same domain, and it is modeled as ___________________ by Lakoff.
第八单元心理语言学测验
1、The ____ age for the acquisition of the first language coincides with the period of brain lateralization.
A、optimum
B、youngest
C、flexible
D、relevant
2、Which of the following is not a subject of research within psycholinguistics?
A
学习通英语语言学概论_3
本篇文章将继续介绍英语语言学概论的相关内容，包括音韵学、形态学、句法学和语义学。
音韵学
音韵学是研究语音的科学，包括语音的发音、音素、音位、音节、音系等方面。英语中的音素有44个，包括元音、辅音和半元音。音素是语言中最小的音位单位，是语音的基本单元。音节是由一个或多个音素组成的，是语言中的音位组合。英语中的音节有闭合音节和开放音节之分。
形态学
形态学是研究词形变化的科学，包括词的构成、派生和变位。英语中的词构成有前缀、后缀、中缀等形式，派生方式包括加前缀、加后缀、转化等方式。英语中的变位形式有时态、语态、人称、数等方面。
句法学
句法学是研究句子结构的科学，包括词序、句子成分、从句等方面。英语中的句子结构有主谓结构、主谓宾结构、及物动词、不及物动词等方面。从句包括定语从句、状语从句和主语从句等形式。
语义学
语义学是研究语义的科学，包括词义、句义和语篇意义等方面。英语中的词义有多义词、同义词、反义词等形式，句义包括陈述句、疑问句和祈使句等形式。语篇意义是指在一定语境下的语义意义。
以上是英语语言学概论的主要内容，了解这些知识可以帮助我们更好地理解和运用英语语言。
学习通英语语言学概论_3
本篇文章将继续介绍英语语言学概论的相关内容，包括音韵学、形态学、句法学和语义学。
音韵学
音韵学是研究语音的科学，包括语音的发音、音素、音位、音节、音系等方面。英语中的音素有44个，包括元音、辅音和半元音。音素是语言中最小的音位单位，是语音的基本单元。音节是由一个或多个音素组成的，是语言中的音位组合。英语中的音节有闭合音节和开放音节之分。
形态学
形态学是研究词形变化的科学，包括词的构成、派生和变位。英语中的词构成有前缀、后缀、中缀等形式，派生方式包括加前缀、加后缀、转化等方式。英语中的变位形式有时态、语态、人称、数等方面。
句法学
句法学是研究句子结构的科学，包括词序、句子成分、从句等方面。英语中的句子结构有主谓结构、主谓宾结构、及物动词、不及物动词等方面。从句包括定语从句、状语从句和主语从句等形式。
语义学
语义学是研究语义的科学，包括词义、句义和语篇意义等方面。英语中的词义有多义词、同义词、反义词等形式，句义包括陈述句、疑问句和祈使句等形式。语篇意义是指在一定语境下的语义意义。
以上是英语语言学概论的主要内容，了解这些知识可以帮助我们更好地理解和运用英语语言。
