超星英语泛读1期末答案(学习通2023题目答案)
97 min read超星英语泛读1期末答案(学习通2023题目答案)
Skimming
1、超星Go through the passage “Body Language” within 1 minute,英语 and answer the question that follows. (Tips: Read the first sentence of each paragraph.) Body Language What does scientific literature tell us about the idea that body language reflects our real feelings? One experiment carried out about 10 years ago by Ross Buck from Carnegie-Mellon University in Pennsylvania suggests that spontaneous facial expression is not a very good index of real emotional state. Buck and his colleagues tested the accuracy with which people could identify the emotions felt by another person. They presented one set of subjects with color slides involving a variety of emotionally-loaded visual stimuli - such as "scenic" slides (landscapes, etc), "maternal" slides (mothers and young children), disgusting slides (severe facial injuries and burns) and unusual slides (art objects). Unknown to these subjects, they were being televised and viewed by another matched set of subjects, who were asked to decide, on the basis of the televised facial expressions, which of the four sets of slides had just been viewed. This experiment involved both male and female pairs, but no pairs comprising both men and women; that is men observed only men, and women observed women. Buck found that the female pairs correctly identified almost 40 per cent of the slides used - this was above the level which would be predicted by chance alone. (Chance level is 25 per cent here, as there were four classes of slide). But male pairs correctly identified only 28 per cent of slides - not significantly above chance level. In other words, this study suggests that facial expression is not a very good index of "real" feeling - and in the case of men watching and interpreting other men, is almost useless. Paul Ekman from the University of California has conducted a long series of experiments on nonverbal leakage (or how nonverbal behavior may reveal real inner states) which has yielded some more positive and counter-intuitive results. Ekman has suggested that nonverbal behavior may indeed provide a clue to real feelings and has explored in some detail people actively involved in deception, where their verbal language is not a true indication of how they really feel. Ekman here agrees with Sigmund Freud, who was also convinced of the importance of nonverbal behavior in spotting deception when he wrote: "He that has eyes to see and ears to hear may convince himself that no mortal can keep a secret. If his lips are silent, he chatters with his finger-tips; betrayal oozes out of him at every pore." Ekman predicted that the feet and legs would probably hold the best clue to deception because although the face sends out very quick instantaneous messages, people attend to and receive most feedback from the face and therefore try to control it most. In the case of the feet and legs the "transmission time" is much longer but we have little feedback from this part of the body. In other words, we are often unaware of what we are doing with our feet and legs. Ekman suggested that the face is equipped to lie the most (because we are often aware of our facial expression) and to "leak" the most (because it sends out many fast momentary messages) and is therefore going to be a very confusing source of information during deception. The legs and feet would be the primary source of nonverbal leakage and hold the main clue to deception. The form the leakage in the legs and feet would take would include "aggressive foot kicks, flirtatious leg displays, abortive restless flight movements". Clues to deception could be seen in "tense leg positions, frequent shifts of leg posture, and in restless or repetitive leg and foot movements." Ekman conducted a series of experiments to test his speculations, some involving psychiatric patients who were engaging in deception, usually to obtain release from hospital. He made films of interviews involving the patients and showed these, without sound, to one of two groups of observers. One group viewed only the face and head, the other group, the body from the neck down. Each observer was given a list of 300 adjectives describing attitudes, emotional state, and so on, and had to say which adjectives best described the patients. The results indicated quite dramatically that individuals who utilized the face tended to be misled by the patients, whereas those who concentrated on the lower body were much more likely to detect the real state of the patients and not be misled by the attempted deception. These studies thus suggest that some body language may indeed reflect our real feelings, even when we are trying to disguise them. Most people can, however, manage to control facial expression quite well and the face often seems to provide little information about real feeling. Paul Ekman has more recently demonstrated that people can be trained to interpret facial expression more accurately but this, not surprisingly, is a slow laborious process. Ekman's research, suggests that the feet and legs betray a great deal about real feelings and attitudes but the research is nowhere near identifying the meanings of particular foot movements. Ray Birdwhistell of the Eastern Pennsylvania Psychiatric Institute has gone some way towards identifying some of the basic nonverbal elements of the legs and feet, and as a first approximation has identified 58 separate elements. But the meanings of these particular elements are far from clear and neither are the rules for combining the elements into larger meaningful units. Perhaps in years to come we will have a "language" of the feet provided that we can successfully surmount the problems described earlier in identifying the basic forms of movement following Birdwhistell's pioneering efforts, of how they may combine into larger units, and in teaching people how they might make sense of apparently contradictory movements. In the meantime, if you go to a party and find someone peering intently at your feet - beware. 最新考试答案最新考试答案最新考试答案最新考试答案最新考试答案最新考试答案最新考试答案最新考试答案最新考试答案*** Question: What does this passage want to tell the readers?
A、Researchers have developed a thorough knowledge about body language.
B、泛读Spontaneous facial expression is 期末not a very good index of real emotional state.
C、Some body language may indeed reflect people’s real feelings.
D、答案The学习 study of body language is a newly emerged subject.
Scanning
1、Read the passage "The通题 Discovery of X-rays" quickly and choose the paragraph(s) which contain(s) the answer(s). You may choose more than one answer for question 3. The Discovery of X-rays Par. 1 Except for a brief description of the Compton effect, and a few other remarks, we have postponed the discussion of X-rays until the present chapter because it is particularly convenient to treat X-ray spectra after treating optical spectra. Although this ordering may have given the reader a distorted impression of the historical importance of X-rays, this impression will be corrected shortly as we describe the crucial role played by X-rays in the development of modern physics. Par. 2 X-rays were discovered in 1895 by Roentgen while studying the phenomena of gaseous discharge. Using a cathode ray tube with a high voltage of several tens of kilovolts, he noticed that salts of barium would fluoresce when brought near the tube, although nothing visible was emitted by the tube. This effect persisted when the tube was wrapped with a layer of black cardboard. Roentgen soon established that the agency responsible for the fluorescence originated at the point at which the stream of energetic electrons struck the glass wall of the tube. Because of its unknown nature, he gave this agency the name X-rays. He found that X-rays could manifest themselves by darkening wrapped photographic plates, discharging charged electroscopes, as well as by causing fluorescence in a number of different substances. He also found that X-rays can penetrate considerable thicknesses of materials of low atomic number, whereas substances of high atomic number are relatively opaque. Roentgen took the first steps in identifying the nature of X-rays by using a system of slits to show that (1) they travel in straight lines, and that (2) they are uncharged, because they are not deflected by electric or magnetic fields. Par. 3 The discovery of X-rays aroused the interest of all physicists, and many joined in the investigation of their properties. In 1899 Haga and Wind performed a single slit diffraction experiment with X-rays which showed that (3) X-rays are a wave motion phenomenon, and, from the size of the diffraction pattern, their wavelength could be estimated to be 10-8 cm. In 1906 Barkla proved that (4) the waves are transverse by showing that they can be polarized by scattering from many materials. Par. 4 There is, of course, no longer anything unknown about the nature of X-rays. They are electromagnetic radiation of exactly the same nature as visible light, except that their wavelength is several orders of magnitude shorter. This conclusion follows from comparing properties 1 through 4 with the similar properties of visible light, but it was actually postulated by Thomson several years before all these properties were known. Thomson argued that X-rays are electromagnetic radiation because such radiation would be expected to be emitted from the point at which the electrons strike the wall of a cathode ray tube. At this point, the electrons suffer very violent accelerations in coming to a stop and, according to classical electromagnetic theory, all accelerated charged particles emit electromagnetic radiations. We shall see later that this explanation of the production of X-rays is at least partially correct. Par. 5 In common with other electromagnetic radiations, X-rays exhibit particle-like aspects as well as wave-like aspects. The reader will recall that the Compton effect, which is one of the most convincing demonstrations of the existence of quanta, was originally observed with electromagnetic radiation in the X-ray region of wavelengths. When were X-rays discovered?
A、Par. 1
B、目答Par. 2
C、超星Par. 3
D、英语Par. 4
E、泛读Par. 5
2、期末Who discovered X-rays?答案
A、Par. 1
B、学习Par. 2
C、通题Par. 3
D、Par. 4
E、Par. 5
3、What are the four characteristics of X-rays?
A、Par. 1
B、Par. 2
C、Par. 3
D、Par. 4
E、Par. 5
Responding to Reading
1、The passage can be divided into two parts. What is the main idea of each part? And what is the purpose for writing each part of the text?
期末考试
大学英语学术阅读期末考试——第一部分
1、Passage A Introduction: The sense of smell is powerful. Odours affect us on a physical, psychological and social level. For the most part, however, we breathe in the aromas which surround us without being consciously aware of their importance to us. It is only when the faculty of smell is impaired for some reason that we begin to realise the essential role the sense of smell plays in our sense of well-being. A survey conducted at Montreal's Concordia University asked participants to comment on how important smell was to them in their lives. It became apparent that smell can evoke strong emotional responses. A scent associated with a good experience can bring us joy, while an odour associated with a bad memory may disgust us. Respondents to the survey noted that many of their olfactory (嗅觉的) likes and dislikes were based on emotional associations. Such associations can be powerful enough so that odours that we generally label unpleasant become agreeable, and those that we consider fragrant become disagreeable for particular individuals. The perception of smell, therefore, consists not only of the odours themselves, but of the experiences and emotions associated with them. Similarly, odours are essential in social bonding. One participant in the survey believed that there is no true emotional bonding without touching and smelling a loved one. In fact, infants recognise the odours of their mothers soon after birth and adults can often identify their children or spouses by scent. In one well-known test, women and men were able to distinguish by smell alone clothing worn by their partners from similar clothing worn by other people. Most of the subjects would probably never have given much thought to odour as a cue for identifying family members before being involved in the test, but as the experiment revealed, even when not consciously considered, smells register. In spite of its importance to our emotional and sensory lives, smell is probably the most undervalued sense in many cultures. It is often held that the human sense of smell is undeveloped compared with that of animals. While the olfactory powers of humans are nothing like as fine as those possessed by certain animals, they are still remarkably acute. Our noses are able to recognise thousands of smells, and to perceive odours which are present only in extremely small quantities. Smell, however, is a highly elusive phenomenon. Odours, unlike colours, for instance, cannot be named in many languages because the specific vocabulary doesn't exist. 'It smells like…., ' we have to say when describing an odour, struggling to express our olfactory experience. Nor can odours be recorded: there is no effective way to either capture or store them over time. We must make do with descriptions and recollections. Most of the research on smell to date has been of a physical scientific nature. Significant advances have been made in the understanding of the biological and chemical nature of olfaction, but many fundamental questions have yet to be answered. Researchers have still to decide whether smell is one sense or two. Other unanswered questions are whether the nose is the only part of the body affected by odours, and how smells can be measured objectively given the nonphysical components. Questions like these mean that interest in the psychology of smell will play an increasingly important role. 1. According to the introduction, we become aware of the importance of smell when __________.
A、we discover a new smell
B、we experience a powerful smell
C、our ability to smell is damaged
D、we are surrounded by odours
2、The most appropriate heading for Paragraph 1 can be __________.
A、A study on the importance of odour
B、The relationship between smell and feelings
C、The perception of odour
D、The relationship between odour and smell
3、The experiment described in the second paragraph __________.
A、shows how we make use of smell without realising it
B、demonstrates that family members have a similar smell
C、proves that a sense of smell is learnt
D、compares the sense of smell in males and females
4、What is the writer doing in Paragraph 3?
A、Supporting other research.
B、Making a proposal.
C、Rejecting a common belief.
D、Describing limitations.
5、The most appropriate heading for Paragraph 4 can be __________.
A、Smell as a highly inclusive phenomenon
B、The difficulties of talking about smells
C、Why odours cannot be recorded
D、The difference between odours and colours
6、What does the writer suggest about the study of smell in the last paragraph?
A、The measurement of smell is becoming more accurate.
B、Most smells are inoffensive.
C、Researchers believe smell is a purely physical reaction.
D、Smell is yet to be defined.
7、Passage B--Effects of Noise In general, it is plausible to suppose that we should prefer peace and quiet to noise. And yet most of us have had the experience of having to adjust to sleeping in the mountains or the countryside because it was ‘too quiet', an experience that suggests that humans are capable of adapting to a wide range of noise levels. Research supports this view. For example, Glass and Singer (1972) exposed people to short bursts of very loud noise and then measured their ability to work out problems and their physiological reactions to the noise. The noise was quite disruptive at first, but after about four minutes the subjects were doing just as well on their tasks as control subjects who were not exposed to noise. Their physiological arousal also declined quickly to the same levels as those of the control subjects. But there are limits to adaptation and loud noise becomes more troublesome if the person is required to concentrate on more than one task. For example, high noise levels interfered with the performance of subjects who were required to monitor three dials at a time, a task not unlike that of a pilot or that of an air-traffic controller (Broadbent, 1957). Similarly, noise did not affect a subject's ability to track a moving line with a steering wheel, but it did interfere with the subject's ability to repeat numbers while tracking (Finkelman and Glass, 1970). Probably the most significant finding from research on noise is that its predictability is more important than how loud it is. We are much more able to ‘tune out' chronic background noise, even if it is quite loud, than to work under circumstances with unexpected intrusions of noise. In the Glass and Singer study, in which subjects were exposed to bursts of noise as they worked on a task, some subjects heard loud bursts and others heard soft bursts. For some subjects, the bursts were spaced exactly one minute apart (predictable noise); others heard the same amount of noise overall, but the bursts occurred at random intervals (unpredictable noise). Subjects reported finding the predictable and unpredictable noise equally annoying, and all subjects performed at about the same level during the noise portion of the experiment. But the different noise conditions had quite different effects when the subjects were required to proofread written material under conditions of no noise, as shown in Table 1. Table 1: Proofreading Errors and Noise Unpredictable Predictable Average Noise Noise Loud noise 40.1 31.8 35.9 Soft noise 36.7 27.4 32.1 Average 38.4 29.6 7. What does “plausible” in the first paragraph mean?
A、Predictable.
B、Reasonable.
C、Permissible.
D、Refutable.
8、The writer suggests that people may have difficulty sleeping in the mountains because __________.
A、humans do not prefer peace and quiet to noise
B、they may be exposed to short bursts of very strange sounds
C、humans prefer hearing a certain amount of noise while they sleep
D、they may have adapted to a higher noise level in the city
9、In noise experiments, Glass and Singer found that __________.
A、problem-solving is much easier under quiet conditions
B、physiological arousal prevents the ability to work
C、bursts of noise do not seriously disrupt problem-solving in the long term
D、the physiological arousal of the control subjects declined quickly
10、Researchers discovered that high noise levels are not likely to interfere with __________.
A、the successful performance of a single task
B、the tasks of pilots or air traffic controllers
C、the ability to repeat numbers while tracking moving lines
D、the ability to monitor three dials at once
11、Which of the following statements is NOT mentioned in the passage?
A、Exposure to high-pitched noise results in more errors than exposure to low-pitched noise.
B、Noise affects a subject’s capacity to repeat numbers while s/he is carrying out another task.
C、Subjects exposed to noise find it difficult at first to concentrate on problem-solving tasks.
D、Subjects find it difficult to perform three tasks at the same time when exposed to noise.
12、What can be concluded from the statistics given in Table 1?
A、Noise predictability can be determined by loudness.
B、Predictability has an edge over loudness.
C、Soft noise is more destructive than unpredictable noise.
D、Predictability and loudness do not influence proofreading errors.
13、Passage C--The Truth about the Environment For many environmentalists, the world seems to be getting worse. They have developed a list of our main fears: that natural resources are running out; that the population is ever growing, leaving less and less to eat; that species are becoming extinct in vast numbers, and that the planet’s air and water are becoming ever more polluted. But a quick look at the facts shows a different picture. First, energy and other natural resources have become more abundant, not less so, since the book ‘The Limits to Growth’ was published in 1972 by a group of scientists. Second, more food is now produced per head of the world’s population than at any time in history. Fewer people are starving. Third, although species are indeed becoming extinct, only about 0.7% of them are expected to disappear in the next 50 years, not 25-50%, as has so often been predicted. And finally, most forms of environmental pollution either appear to have been exaggerated, or are transient — associated with the early phases of industrialisation and therefore best cured not by restricting economic growth, but by accelerating it. One form of pollution — the release of greenhouse gases that causes global warming — does appear to be a phenomenon that is going to extend well into our future, but its total impact is unlikely to pose a devastating problem. A bigger problem may well turn out to be an inappropriate response to it. Yet opinion polls suggest that many people hold that environmental standards are declining and four factors seem to cause this mismatch between perception and reality. One is the lopsidedness built into scientific research. Scientific funding goes mainly to areas with many problems. That may be wise policy, but it will also create an impression that many more potential problems exist than is the case. Secondly, environmental groups need to be noticed by the mass media. They also need to keep the money rolling in. Understandably, perhaps, they sometimes overstate their arguments. In 1997, for example, the World Wide Fund for Nature issued a press release entitled: ‘Two thirds of the world’s forests lost forever.’ The truth turns out to be nearer 20%. Though these groups are run overwhelmingly by selfless folk, they nevertheless share many of the characteristics of other lobby groups. That would matter less if people applied the same degree of scepticism to environmental lobbying as they do to lobby groups in other fields. A trade organisation arguing for, say, weaker pollution controls is instantly seen as self-interested. Yet a green organisation opposing such a weakening is seen as selfless, even if an impartial view of the controls in question might suggest they are doing more harm than good. A third source of confusion is the attitude of the media. People are clearly more curious about bad news than good. Newspapers and broadcasters are there to provide what the public wants. That, however, can distort people’s perception. An example was America’s encounter with El Nino in 1997 and 1998. This climatic phenomenon was accused of wrecking tourism, causing allergies, melting the ski-slopes and causing 22 deaths. However, according to an article in the Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, the damage it did was estimated at US$4 billion but the benefits amounted to some US$19 billion. These came from higher winter temperatures (which saved an estimated 850 lives, reduced heating costs and diminished spring floods caused by meltwaters). The fourth factor is poor individual perception. People worry that the endless rise in the amount of stuff everyone throws away will cause the world to run out of places to dispose of waste. Yet, even if America’s trash output continues to rise as it has done in the past, and even if the American population doubles by 2100, all the rubbish America produces through the entire 21st century will still take up only one-12,000th of the area of the entire United States. So what of global warming? As we know, carbon dioxide emissions are causing the planet to warm. The best estimates are that the temperatures will rise by 2-3℃ in this century, causing considerable problems, at a total cost of US$ 5,000 billion. Despite the intuition that something drastic needs to be done about such a costly problem, economic analyses clearly show it will be far more expensive to cut carbon dioxide emissions radically than to pay the costs of adaptation to the increased temperatures. A model by one of the main authors of the United Nations Climate Change Panel shows how an expected temperature increase of 2.1 degrees in 2100 would only be diminished to an increase of 1.9 degrees. Or to put it another way, the temperature increase that the planet would have experienced in 2094 would be postponed to 2100. So this does not prevent global warming, but merely buys the world six years. Yet the cost of reducing carbon dioxide emissions, for the United States alone, will be higher than the cost of solving the world’s single, most pressing health problem: providing universal access to clean drinking water and sanitation. Such measures would avoid 2 million deaths every year, and prevent half a billion people from becoming seriously ill. It is crucial that we look at the facts if we want to make the best possible decisions for the future. It may be costly to be overly optimistic — but more costly still to be too pessimistic. 13. The word “lopsidedness” in Paragraph 4 refers to something that is __________.
A、biased
B、just
C、underdeveloped
D、over-researched
14、What aspect of scientific research does the writer express concern about in Paragraph 4?
A、The need to produce results.
B、The lack of financial support.
C、The selection of areas to research.
D、The desire to solve every research problem.
15、The writer quotes from the Worldwide Fund for Nature to illustrate __________.
A、how influential the mass media can be
B、how effective environmental groups can be
C、the mass media can help groups raise funds
D、environmental groups can exaggerate their claims
16、What is the writer’s main point about lobby groups in Paragraph 6?
A、Some are more active than others.
B、Some are better organised than others.
C、Some receive more criticism than others.
D、Some support more important issues than others.
17、The writer suggests that newspapers print items that are intended to __________.
A、educate readers
B、meet their readers’ expectations
C、encourage feedback from readers
D、mislead readers
18、What does the writer say about America’s waste problem?
A、It will increase in line with population growth.
B、It is not as important as we have been led to believe.
C、It has been reduced through public awareness of the issues.
D、It is only significant in certain areas of the country.
19、Which of the following statements is TRUE according to the passage?
A、Environmentalists take an optimistic view of the world for a number of reasons.
B、The number of starving people in the world has increased in recent years.
C、Some pollution problems have been correctly linked to industrialisation.
D、It would be best to attempt to slow down economic growth.
20、What is the author’s attitude towards global warming?
A、Favorable.
B、Doubtful.
C、Prejudiced.
D、Eclectic.
大学英语学术阅读期末考试——第二部分
1、Passage D--Freedom and Responsibility Freedom’s challenge in the Digital Age is a serious topic. We are facing today a strange new world and we are all wondering what we are going to do with it. Some 2,500 years ago Greece discovered freedom. Before that there was no freedom. There were great civilizations, splendid empires, but no freedom anywhere. Egypt and Babylon were both tyrannies, one very powerful man ruling over helpless masses. In Greece, in Athens, a little city in a little country, there were no helpless masses. And Athenians willingly obeyed the written laws which they themselves passed, and the unwritten, which must be obeyed if free men live together. They must show each other kindness and pity and the many qualities without which life would be very painful unless one chose to live alone in the desert. The Athenians never thought that a man was free if he could do what he wanted. A man was free if he was self-controlled. To make yourself obey what you approved was freedom. They were saved from looking at their lives as their own private affair. Each one felt responsible for the welfare of Athens, not because it was forced on him from the outside, but because the city was his pride and his safety. The essential belief of the first free government in the world was liberty for all men who could control themselves and would take responsibility for the state. But discovering freedom is not like discovering computers. It cannot be discovered once for all. If people do not prize it, and work for it, it will go. Constant watch is its price. Athens changed. It was a change that took place without being noticed though it was of the extreme importance, a spiritual change which affected the whole state. It had been the Athenian’ s pride and joy to give to their city. That they could get material benefits from her never entered their minds. There had to be a complete change of attitude before they could look at the city as an employer who paid her citizens for doing her work. Now instead of men giving to the state, the state was to give to them. What the people wanted was a government which would provide a comfortable life for them; and with this as the primary object, ideas of freedom and self-reliance and responsibility were neglected to the point of disappearing. Athens was more and more looked on as a cooperative business possessed of great wealth in which all citizens had a right to share. Athens reached the point when the freedom she really wanted was freedom from responsibility. There could be only one result. If men insisted on being free from the burden of self-dependence and responsibility for the common good, they would cease to be free. Responsibility is the price every man must pay for freedom. It is to be had on no other terms. Athens, the Athens of Ancient Greece, refused responsibility; she reached the end of freedom and was never to have it again. But, “the excellent becomes the permanent”, Aristotle said. Athens lost freedom forever, but freedom was not lost forever for the world. A great American, James Madison, referred to: “The capacity of mankind for self-government.” No doubt he had not an idea that he was speaking Greek. Athens was not in the farthest background of his mind, but once man has a great and good idea, it is never completely lost. The Digital Age cannot destroy it. Somehow in this or that man’s thought such an idea lives though unconsidered by the world of action. One can never be sure that it is not on the point of breaking out into action only sure that it will do so sometime. 21. What change in attitude took place in Athens? (Answer in no more than 10 words) (3 points) 22. What does the sentence “There could be only one result.” in Paragraph 5 mean? (Answer in no more than 10 words) (3 points) 23. Why does the author refer to Aristotle and Madison? (Answer in no more than 10 words) (4 points) 24. What is the author’s understanding of freedom? (Answer in no more than 10 words) (4 points)
2、Passage E Bullying can take various forms, from the verbal to the physical as well as indirect forms like being excluded from social groups. A survey I conducted with Irene Whitney found that in British primary schools up to a quarter of pupils reported experience of bullying, which in about one in ten cases was persistent. There was less bullying in secondary schools, with about one in twenty-five suffering persistent bullying, but these cases may be particularly recalcitrant. Bullying is clearly unpleasant, and can make the child experiencing it feel unworthy and depressed. In extreme cases it can even lead to , though this is thankfully rare. Victimised pupils are more likely to experience difficulties with interpersonal relationships as adults, while children who persistently bully are more likely to grow up to be physically violent. Until recently, not much was known about the topic, and little help was available to teachers to deal with bullying. Perhaps as a consequence, schools would often deny the problem. ‘There is no bullying at this school’ has been a common refrain, almost certainly untrue. Fortunately more schools are now saying: ‘There is not much bullying here, but when it occurs we have a clear policy for dealing with it.’ Three factors are involved in this change. First is an awareness of the severity of the problem. Second, a number of resources to help tackle bullying have become available in Britain. For example, in Ireland, Guidelines on Countering Bullying Behaviour in Post-Primary Schools was published in 1993. Third, there is evidence that these materials work, and that schools can achieve something. This comes from carefully conducted ‘before and after' evaluations of interventions in schools, monitored by a research team. In Norway, after an intervention campaign was introduced nationally, an evaluation of forty-two schools suggested that, over a two-year period, bullying was halved. Evidence suggests that a key step is to develop a policy on bullying, saying clearly what is meant by bullying, and giving explicit guidelines on what will be done if it occurs. Other actions can be taken to back up the policy. There are ways of dealing with the topic through the curriculum, using video, drama and literature. These are useful for raising awareness, renewing the policy for new pupils, or revising it in the light of experience. But curriculum work alone may only have short-term effects; it should be an addition to policy work, not a substitute. Work in the playground is equally important. One helpful step is to train lunchtime supervisors to distinguish bullying from playful fighting, and help them break up conflicts. With these developments, schools can expect that at least the most serious kinds of bullying can largely be prevented. The more effort put in and the wider the whole school involvement, the more substantial the results are likely to be. The reduction in bullying is surely a worthwhile objective. 25. What does the writer think of the declaration ‘There is no bullying at this school’? (Answer in no more than 10 words) (3 points) 26. What were the findings of research carried out in Norway? (Answer in no more than 10 words) (3 points) 27. What actions can we take in order to tackle the issue of bullying? (Answer in no more than 30 words) (6 points) 28. What might be a suitable title for this passage? (Answer in no more than 10 words) (4 points)
学习通英语泛读1
学习通英语泛读1是一本适合英语初学者的阅读材料，以简单易懂的语言和生动有趣的故事为主线，提高学生英语的阅读能力和语言表达能力。本书由浅入深，涵盖了从基础词汇和语法到高级阅读技巧和写作技巧的全面内容。
阅读理解题例子
以下是本书中的一道阅读理解题例子：
Question:What does the author imply about the man in the story?
Story:The man in the story was walking down the street when he saw a stray dog. The dog was dirty and skinny. The man felt sorry for the dog and decided to take him home. He gave the dog a bath and some food. The dog was very happy and followed the man wherever he went. The man realized that he had made a new friend.
Answer:The author implies that the man is kind-hearted and compassionate.
词汇练习题例子
以下是本书中的一道词汇练习题例子：
Question:What is the meaning of the word \diligent\?
Answer:Hard-working or persistent.
阅读技巧
本书中还介绍了一些阅读技巧，帮助学生更好地理解和记忆所读内容。例如：
- 在阅读之前，要先浏览文章的标题、段落首句和结尾，帮助理解文章的主题和结构。
- 在阅读过程中，要注意生词和短语，并边读边理解，不要一直停下来找字典。
- 记笔记或划重点，帮助记忆和理解文章的重点内容。
- 阅读完一篇文章后，要尝试用自己的语言复述文章的主题和重点内容。
写作技巧
本书中还介绍了一些写作技巧，帮助学生提高英语写作能力。例如：
- 写作前要先明确写作目的和读者群体。
- 写作中要注意语法、拼写和标点符号的正确使用。
- 尽量使用简单、明了的语言，不要使用过于复杂的句子和词汇。
- 写作完成后，要检查并修改自己的作品，确保语言表达清晰、准确。
结语
学习通英语泛读1是一本非常实用的英语学习材料，可以帮助学生提高英语的阅读和写作能力。通过学习本书，学生不仅可以扩大自己的英语词汇量，还可以提高自己的阅读速度和理解能力。希望本书能够帮助更多的学生顺利学习英语，取得更好的成绩。
学习通英语泛读1
学习通英语泛读1是一本适合英语初学者的阅读材料，以简单易懂的语言和生动有趣的故事为主线，提高学生英语的阅读能力和语言表达能力。本书由浅入深，涵盖了从基础词汇和语法到高级阅读技巧和写作技巧的全面内容。
阅读理解题例子
以下是本书中的一道阅读理解题例子：
Question:What does the author imply about the man in the story?
Story:The man in the story was walking down the street when he saw a stray dog. The dog was dirty and skinny. The man felt sorry for the dog and decided to take him home. He gave the dog a bath and some food. The dog was very happy and followed the man wherever he went. The man realized that he had made a new friend.
Answer:The author implies that the man is kind-hearted and compassionate.
词汇练习题例子
以下是本书中的一道词汇练习题例子：
Question:What is the meaning of the word \diligent\?
Answer:Hard-working or persistent.
阅读技巧
本书中还介绍了一些阅读技巧，帮助学生更好地理解和记忆所读内容。例如：
- 在阅读之前，要先浏览文章的标题、段落首句和结尾，帮助理解文章的主题和结构。
- 在阅读过程中，要注意生词和短语，并边读边理解，不要一直停下来找字典。
- 记笔记或划重点，帮助记忆和理解文章的重点内容。
- 阅读完一篇文章后，要尝试用自己的语言复述文章的主题和重点内容。
写作技巧
本书中还介绍了一些写作技巧，帮助学生提高英语写作能力。例如：
- 写作前要先明确写作目的和读者群体。
- 写作中要注意语法、拼写和标点符号的正确使用。
- 尽量使用简单、明了的语言，不要使用过于复杂的句子和词汇。
- 写作完成后，要检查并修改自己的作品，确保语言表达清晰、准确。
结语
学习通英语泛读1是一本非常实用的英语学习材料，可以帮助学生提高英语的阅读和写作能力。通过学习本书，学生不仅可以扩大自己的英语词汇量，还可以提高自己的阅读速度和理解能力。希望本书能够帮助更多的学生顺利学习英语，取得更好的成绩。
